{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:08:27Z","timestamp":1789517307389,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Council of Science &amp; Technology (NST)","award":["CAP21022-000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAP21022-000"]}]},{"name":"National Research Council of Science &amp; Technology (NST)","award":["KSN1822320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSN1822320"]}]},{"name":"Korea institute of Oriental medicine","award":["CAP21022-000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAP21022-000"]}]},{"name":"Korea institute of Oriental medicine","award":["KSN1822320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KSN1822320"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cachexia is a devastating fat tissue and muscle wasting syndrome associated with every major chronic illness, including cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney disease, AIDS, and heart failure. Despite two decades of intense research, cachexia remains under-recognized by oncologists. While numerous drug candidates have been proposed for cachexia treatment, none have achieved clinical success. Only a few drugs are approved by the FDA for cachexia therapy, but a very low success rate is observed among patients. Currently, the identification of drugs from herbal medicines is a frontier research area for many diseases. In this milieu, network pharmacology, transcriptomics, cheminformatics, and molecular docking approaches were used to identify potential bioactive compounds from herbal medicines for the treatment of cancer-related cachexia. The network pharmacology approach is used to select the 32 unique genes from 238 genes involved in cachexia-related pathways, which are targeted by 34 phytocompounds identified from 12 different herbal medicines used for the treatment of muscle wasting in many countries. Gene expression profiling and functional enrichment analysis are applied to decipher the role of unique genes in cancer-associated cachexia pathways. In addition, the pharmacological properties and molecular interactions of the phytocompounds were analyzed to find the target compounds for cachexia therapy. Altogether, combined omics and network pharmacology approaches were used in the current study to untangle the complex prognostic genes involved in cachexia and phytocompounds with anti-cachectic efficacy. However, further functional and experimental validations are required to confirm the efficacy of these phytocompounds as commercial drug candidates for cancer-associated cachexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:53:52Z","timestamp":1703156032000},"page":"156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Unlocking Prognostic Genes and Multi-Targeted Therapeutic Bioactives from Herbal Medicines to Combat Cancer-Associated Cachexia: A Transcriptomics and Network Pharmacology Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4149-6204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subramanian","family":"Muthamil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7294-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pandiyan","family":"Muthuramalingam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7692-6729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Yong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2261-0067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Jun","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hyo","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ung Cheol","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2873-399X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Younghoon","family":"Go","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4682-0798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seong-Hoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genetic and Epigenetic Toxicology Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee Gu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunotherapy Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2167-4843","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyunsuk","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8905-4125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Hong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Naju 58245, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Korean Convergence Medicine Major, University of Science & Technology (UST), KIOM Campus, Daejeon 34054, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.06.011","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Mediators, signaling, and metabolic pathways","volume":"16","author":"Fearon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21563","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-98665-7","article-title":"Effects of whole-body vibration training in a cachectic C26 mouse model","volume":"11","author":"Plas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03932-0","article-title":"An integrative transcriptome study reveals Ddit4\/Redd1 as a key regulator of cancer cachexia in rodent models","volume":"12","author":"Niu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muthamil, S., Kim, H.Y., Jang, H.J., Lyu, J.H., Shin, U.C., Go, Y., Park, S.-H., Lee, H.G., and Park, J.H. (2023). Understanding the relationship between cancer associated cachexia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1. Biomed. Pharmacother., 163.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.114802"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00734-5","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia\u2014Understanding the tumour macroenvironment and microenvironment to improve management","volume":"20","author":"Stemmler","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s13539-014-0164-8","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and clinical impact of cachexia: Facts and numbers\u2014Update 2014","volume":"5","author":"Anker","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.105","article-title":"Cancer-associated cachexia","volume":"4","author":"Baracos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5597","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S261585","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Definition, staging, and emerging treatments","volume":"12","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12675","article-title":"The regulatory approval of anamorelin for treatment of cachexia in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, and colorectal cancer in Japan: Facts and numbers","volume":"12","author":"Wakabayashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adarshan, S., Akassh, S., Avinash, K., Bharathkumar, M., Muthuramalingam, P., Shin, H., Baskar, V., Chen, J.-T., Bhuvaneshwari, V., and Ramesh, M. (2022). Transcriptomics, cheminformatics, and systems pharmacology strategies unveil the potential bioactives to combat COVID-19. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27185955"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61918-y","article-title":"Global proteomic analysis deciphers the mechanism of action of plant derived oleic acid against Candida albicans virulence and biofilm formation","volume":"10","author":"Muthamil","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10041","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89437-4","article-title":"Phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of medicinal and food plants towards bioactive food and pharmaceutical resources","volume":"11","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"4781","article-title":"Analysis of the tumoricidal and anti-cachectic potential of curcumin","volume":"34","author":"Oelkrug","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sohn, S.I., Priya, A., Balasubramaniam, B., Muthuramalingam, P., Sivasankar, C., Selvaraj, A., Valliammai, A., Jothi, R., and Pandian, S. (2021). Biomedical applications and bioavailability of curcumin\u2014An updated overview. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122102"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154563","article-title":"Curcumin treatment suppresses cachexia-associated adipose wasting in mice by blocking the cAMP\/PKA\/CREB signaling pathway","volume":"109","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00917","article-title":"Phytotherapy for cachexia: Where do we stand?","volume":"11","author":"Kuchta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Swiderski, K., Murphy, K.T., and Lynch, G.S. (2022). Role for plant-derived antioxidants in attenuating cancer cachexia. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020183"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-020-00816-5","article-title":"Flavonoids: Nutraceutical potential for counteracting muscle atrophy","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-021-00178-x","article-title":"Glycosidic flavonoids and their potential applications in cancer research: A review","volume":"18","author":"Abusaliya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2018.07.06","article-title":"Anti-cytokines in the treatment of cancer cachexia","volume":"8","author":"Prado","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2021.100499","article-title":"Combination of traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of cancer-induced Anorexia\/Cachexia: A pilot, randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Yaghobi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-021-00181-2","article-title":"Screening of phytochemicals effective on relieving cancer cachexia in cisplatin-induced in vitro sarcopenia model","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002537","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1002537","article-title":"Network pharmacology and traditional medicine: Setting the new standards by combining in silico and experimental work","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, F., Tahir ul Qamar, M., Ashfaq, U.A., Albutti, A., Alwashmi, A.S., and Aljasir, M.A. (2022). Network pharmacology approach for medicinal plants: Review and assessment. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15050572"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niu, W.H., Wu, F., Cao, W.Y., Wu, Z.G., Chao, Y.C., Peng, F., and Liang, C. (2021). Network pharmacology for the identification of phytochemicals in traditional Chinese medicine for COVID-19 that may regulate interleukin-6. Biosci. Rep., 41.","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20202583"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2022.175479","article-title":"Integrated omics profiling and network pharmacology uncovers the prognostic genes and multi-targeted therapeutic bioactives to combat lung cancer","volume":"940","author":"Muthuramalingam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2020.08.003","article-title":"Global multi-omics and systems pharmacological strategy unravel the multi-targeted therapeutic potential of natural bioactive molecules against COVID-19: An in silico approach","volume":"112","author":"Muthuramalingam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119105","article-title":"Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal the mechanism of Scopoletin against non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"270","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18358-7","article-title":"Unraveling the multi-targeted curative potential of bioactive molecules against cervical cancer through integrated omics and systems pharmacology approach","volume":"12","author":"Aarthy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-023-00466-y","article-title":"Network pharmacology: A systems perspective possible underpinning approach for oral cancer treatment","volume":"31","author":"Muthuramalingam","year":"2023","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X.G., Lv, M.C., Huang, M.Y., Sun, Y.Q., Gao, P.Y., and Li, D.Q. (2019). A network pharmacology study on the triterpene saponins from medicago sativa l. For the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12955"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeyasri, R., Muthuramalingam, P., Suba, V., Ramesh, M., and Chen, J.T. (2020). Bacopa monnieri and their bioactive compounds inferred multi-target treatment strategy for neurological diseases: A cheminformatics and system pharmacology approach. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040536"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113542","article-title":"Coptis chinensis Franch polysaccharides provide a dynamically regulation on intestinal microenvironment, based on the intestinal flora and mucosal immunity","volume":"267","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hao, Y., Huo, J., Wang, T., Sun, G., and Wang, W. (2020). Chemical profiling of Coptis rootlet and screening of its bioactive compounds in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus by UPLC-Q-TOF\/MS. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 180.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.113089"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2019.1577466","article-title":"Coptidis Rhizoma: A comprehensive review of its traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10600-022-03884-7","article-title":"Chemical Constituents of Coptis chinensis","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Nat. Compd."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, D., Dong, G.Z., Lee, H.J., and Ryu, J.H. (2019). Anti-inflammatory compounds from Atractylodes macrocephala. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24101859"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2023.105431","article-title":"Bioactive constituents from the rhizomes of Atractylodes macrocephala","volume":"165","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2020.02.004","article-title":"Pharmacological potential of ginseng and its major component ginsenosides","volume":"45","author":"Ratan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Piao, X., Zhang, H., Kang, J.P., Yang, D.U., Li, Y., Pang, S., Jin, Y., Yang, D.C., and Wang, Y. (2020). Advances in saponin diversity of Panax ginseng. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153452"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, D., Yue, D., Liu, D., Zhang, L., and Song, S. (2020). Phytochemical and chemotaxonomic study on Ziziphus jujuba Mill. (Rhamnaceae). Biochem. Syst. Ecol., 91.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bse.2020.104058"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2867470","article-title":"Potential benefits of jujube (Zizyphus Lotus L.) bioactive compounds for nutrition and health","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alam, M.M., Ali, A., Ali, M., and Mir, S.R. (2017). Chromatographic isolation and spectroscopic identification of phytoconstituents of jujuba seeds (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.). J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.206217"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Devaraj, R.D., Jeepipalli, S.P., and Xu, B. (2020). Phytochemistry and health promoting effects of Job\u2019s tears (Coix lacryma-jobi)\u2014A critical review. Food Biosci., 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100537"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.5010\/JPB.2020.47.1.100","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity Coix lacryma-jobi oil","volume":"47","author":"Diningrat","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7032","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-31888-y","article-title":"Phytochemical screening and in-vitro biological properties of unprocessed and household processed fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.) seeds and leaves","volume":"13","author":"Salam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, N., Yadav, S.S., Kumar, S., and Narashiman, B. (2022). Ethnopharmacological, phytochemical and clinical studies on Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.). Food Biosci., 46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101546"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"97","article-title":"Fenugreek: A review on its nutraceutical properties and utilization in various food products","volume":"17","author":"Wani","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Saudi Soc. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1699-y","article-title":"Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Pisum sativum","volume":"17","author":"Zilani","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castaldo, L., Izzo, L., Gaspari, A., Lombardi, S., Rodr\u00edguez-Carrasco, Y., Narv\u00e1ez, A., Grosso, M., and Ritieni, A. (2021). Chemical Composition of green pea (Pisum sativum L.) pods extracts and their potential exploitation as ingredients in nutraceutical formulations. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010105"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prmcm.2022.100173","article-title":"A mechanistic view on phytochemistry, pharmacognostic properties, and pharmacological activities of phytocompounds present in zingiber officinale: A comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Mukjerjee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Q.Q., Xu, X.Y., Cao, S.Y., Gan, R.Y., Corke, H., Beta, T., and Li, H.B. (2019). Bioactive compounds and bioactivities of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8060185"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bioactive compounds and health benefits of Artemisia species","volume":"14","author":"Nigam","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"471","article-title":"Xanthium strumerium L.: An ethnomedicinal and phytochemical review","volume":"6","author":"Ganie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.08.006","article-title":"Phytochemical constituents from Xanthium strumarium L. and evaluation of their in vitro antimalarial activities","volume":"135","author":"Sahoo","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973197","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.973197","article-title":"The genus Chrysanthemum: Phylogeny, biodiversity, phytometabolites, and chemodiversity","volume":"13","author":"Hao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"Lal, M., Chandraker, S.K., and Shukla, R. (2020). Functional and Preservative Properties of Phytochemicals, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X16500130","article-title":"Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Carthamus Tinctorius L.","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12776","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic impact of cachexia among older patients with cancer: A nationwide cross-sectional survey (NutriAgeCancer)","volume":"12","author":"Poisson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.2378","article-title":"Chemotherapy use, performance status, and quality of life at the end of life","volume":"1","author":"Prigerson","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2023.103965","article-title":"Overcoming barriers to timely recognition and treatment of cancer cachexia: Sharing Progress in Cancer Care Task Force Position Paper and Call to Action","volume":"185","author":"Arends","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3747\/co.24.3376","article-title":"Exercise for people with cancer: A clinical practice guideline","volume":"24","author":"Segal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-04749-6","article-title":"Combined exercise and nutritional rehabilitation in outpatients with incurable cancer: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Hall","year":"2019","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esmoop.2021.100092","article-title":"Cancer cachexia in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"6","author":"Arends","year":"2021","journal-title":"ESMO Open"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12292","article-title":"Megestrol acetate for cachexia\u2013anorexia syndrome. A systematic review","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, Y.L., Teoh, S.E., Yaow, C.Y.L., Lin, D.J., Masuda, Y., Han, M.X., Yeo, W.S., and Ng, Q.X. (2022). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the clinical use of megestrol acetate for cancer-related anorexia\/cachexia. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11133756"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2022.11.009","article-title":"Phytochemicals: A potential therapeutic intervention for the prevention and treatment of cachexia","volume":"41","author":"Zarifi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4103\/0257-7941.150780","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of roots of Cichorium intybus due to its inhibitory effect on various cytokines and antioxidant activity","volume":"34","author":"Rizvi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anc. Sci. Life"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2013.826247","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. in health and disease","volume":"52","author":"Yadav","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B1800171","article-title":"A systematic review of herbal medicines for the treatment of cancer cachexia in animal models","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aquila, G., Re Cecconi, A.D., Brault, J.J., Corli, O., and Piccirillo, R. (2020). Nutraceuticals and exercise against muscle wasting during cancer cachexia. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122536"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Penedo-V\u00e1zquez, A., Duran, X., Mateu, J., L\u00f3pez-Postigo, A., and Barreiro, E. (2021). Curcumin and resveratrol improve muscle function and structure through attenuation of proteolytic markers in experimental cancer-induced cachexia. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26164904"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanderVeen, B.N., Cardaci, T.D., Cunningham, P., McDonald, S.J., Bullard, B.M., Fan, D., Murphy, E.A., and Vel\u00e1zquez, K.T. (2022). Quercetin improved muscle mass and mitochondrial content in a murine model of cancer and chemotherapy-induced cachexia. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010102"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2011.02.023","article-title":"Epigallocatechin-3-gallate effectively attenuates skeletal muscle atrophy caused by cancer cachexia","volume":"305","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne, A., Nahashon, S., Taka, E., Adinew, G.M., and Soliman, K.F. (2022). Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG): New therapeutic perspectives for neuroprotection, aging, and neuroinflammation for the modern age. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12030371"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00624-w","article-title":"The interplay of immunology and cachexia in infection and cancer","volume":"22","author":"Baazim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2016.3","article-title":"Understanding cachexia as a cancer metabolism syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Porporato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2016.12.042","article-title":"STAT3 stimulates adipogenic stem cell proliferation and cooperates with HMGA2 during the early stage of differentiation to promote adipogenesis","volume":"482","author":"Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.2678","article-title":"Advances in IKBKE as a potential target for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Yin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"540582","article-title":"Downregulation of RelA (p65) by rapamycin inhibits murine adipocyte differentiation and reduces fat mass of C57BL\/6J mice despite high fat diet","volume":"2014","author":"Ray","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Sch. Res. Not."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"You, K., Gu, H., Yuan, Z., and Xu, X. (2021). Tumor necrosis factor alpha signaling and organogenesis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.727075"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms4231","article-title":"Gene co-expression network analysis reveals common system-level properties of prognostic genes across cancer types","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759596","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.759596","article-title":"TGF-Beta Induced Key Genes of Osteogenic and Adipogenic Differentiation in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and MiRNA\u2013mRNA Regulatory Networks","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4714","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201701314R","article-title":"GSK3-activated STAT5 regulates expression of SFRPs to modulate adipogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(96)00423-1","article-title":"Experimental and computational approaches to estimate solubility and permeability in drug discovery and development settings","volume":"23","author":"Lipinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhosale, P.B., Abusaliya, A., Kim, H.H., Ha, S.E., Park, M.Y., Jeong, S.H., Vetrivel, P., Heo, J.D., Kim, J.-A., and Kim, G.S. (2022). Apigetrin promotes TNF\u03b1-induced apoptosis, necroptosis, G2\/M phase cell cycle arrest, and ROS generation through inhibition of NF-\u03baB pathway in Hep3B liver cancer cells. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172734"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-018-0738-0","article-title":"Apigetrin inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by downregulating PPAR\u03b3 and CEBP-\u03b1","volume":"17","author":"Hadrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00557","article-title":"Berberine: Botanical occurrence, traditional uses, extraction methods, and relevance in cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatic, and renal disorders","volume":"9","author":"Neag","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salehi, B., Fokou, P.V.T., Sharifi-Rad, M., Zucca, P., Pezzani, R., Martins, N., and Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). The therapeutic potential of naringenin: A review of clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph12010011"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-021-00156-3","article-title":"Naringenin alleviates bone cancer pain in rats via down-regulating spinal P2X7R\/PI3K\/AKT signaling: Involving suppression in spinal inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s13273-021-00190-1","article-title":"Korean red ginseng extract exploits NF-\u03baB to promote wound repair and protein expression in keratinocytes","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W357","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz382","article-title":"SwissTargetPrediction: Updated data and new features for efficient prediction of protein targets of small molecules","volume":"47","author":"Daina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-011-0027-4","article-title":"Identification of possible genetic polymorphisms involved in cancer cachexia: A systematic review","volume":"90","author":"Tan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narasimhan, A., Zhong, X., Au, E.P., Ceppa, E.P., Nakeeb, A., House, M.G., Zyromski, N.J., Schmidt, C.M., Schloss, K.N.H., and Zimmers, T.A. (2021). Profiling of adipose and skeletal muscle in human pancreatic cancer cachexia reveals distinct gene profiles with convergent pathways. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202103.0658.v1"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-023-01454-0","article-title":"Cancer cachexia: Molecular mechanisms and treatment strategies","volume":"16","author":"Setiawan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Freire, P.P., Fernandez, G.J., Cury, S.S., De Moraes, D., Oliveira, J.S., De Oliveira, G., Dal-Pai-Silva, M., Reis, P.P.D., and Carvalho, R.F. (2019). The pathway to cancer cachexia: microRNA-regulated networks in muscle wasting based on integrative meta-analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20081962"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","article-title":"Cytoscape: A software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks","volume":"13","author":"Shannon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012028","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1752\/1\/012028","article-title":"Compound-Target Prediction and Network-Target Analysis on Jamu Formula","volume":"1752","author":"Syahrir","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W60","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky311","article-title":"GeneMANIA update 2018","volume":"46","author":"Franz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz931","article-title":"ShinyGO: A graphical gene-set enrichment tool for animals and plants","volume":"36","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-021-07502-8","article-title":"Pathway size matters: The influence of pathway granularity on over-representation (enrichment analysis) statistics","volume":"22","author":"Karp","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W234","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz240","article-title":"NetworkAnalyst 3.0: A visual analytics platform for comprehensive gene expression profiling and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W191","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz369","article-title":"g: Profiler: A web server for functional enrichment analysis and conversions of gene lists (2019 update)","volume":"47","author":"Raudvere","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W556","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz430","article-title":"GEPIA2: An enhanced web server for large-scale expression profiling and interactive analysis","volume":"47","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13398","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-40160-2","article-title":"Molecular docking as a tool for the discovery of molecular targets of nutraceuticals in diseases management","volume":"13","author":"Agu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W270","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkr366","article-title":"SwissDock, a protein-small molecule docking web service based on EADock DSS","volume":"39","author":"Grosdidier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6065","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jcim.0c00675","article-title":"ZINC20\u2014A free ultralarge-scale chemical database for ligand discovery","volume":"60","author":"Irwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2022.2063003","article-title":"Nucleoporin POM121 signals TFEB-mediated autophagy via activation of SIGMAR1\/sigma-1 receptor chaperone by pridopidine","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Autophagy"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/1\/156\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:39:51Z","timestamp":1760132391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/1\/156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25010156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25010156","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]}}}