{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T16:19:50Z","timestamp":1762273190239,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":288,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]],"date-time":"2023-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703548800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Indonesian Education Scholarship (Beasiswa Pendidikan Indonesia) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia (Kemendikbudristek)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has claimed over 7 million lives worldwide, providing a stark reminder of the importance of pandemic preparedness. Due to the lack of approved antiviral drugs effective against coronaviruses at the start of the pandemic, the world largely relied on repurposed efforts. Here, we summarise results from randomised controlled trials to date, as well as selected in vitro data of directly acting antivirals, host-targeting antivirals, and immunomodulatory drugs. Overall, repurposing efforts evaluating directly acting antivirals targeting other viral families were largely unsuccessful, whereas several immunomodulatory drugs led to clinical improvement in hospitalised patients with severe disease. In addition, accelerated drug discovery efforts during the pandemic progressed to multiple novel directly acting antivirals with clinical efficacy, including small molecule inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies. We argue that large-scale investment is required to prepare for future pandemics; both to develop an arsenal of broad-spectrum antivirals beyond coronaviruses and build worldwide clinical trial networks that can be rapidly utilised.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T02:58:12Z","timestamp":1703645892000},"page":"354","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["An Update on SARS-CoV-2 Clinical Trial Results\u2014What We Can Learn for the Next Pandemic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2378-2386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benediktus Yohan","family":"Arman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK"},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0964-3681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juliane","family":"Brun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK"},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-5811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-4949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole","family":"Zitzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Antiviral Drug Discovery Unit, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK"},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-8140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"von Delft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Medicine Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3647","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CS01118E","article-title":"Antiviral Drug Discovery: Preparing for the next Pandemic","volume":"50","author":"Adamson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. 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