{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T15:47:18Z","timestamp":1791388038592,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic hand eczema (CHE) is a common inflammatory skin condition that significantly impacts the quality of life. From work-related disabilities to social embarrassment, pain, and financial costs, the burden on society is substantial. Managing this condition presents challenges such as long-term treatment, poor patient compliance, therapy side effects, and economic feasibility. As a result, significant efforts have been made in this field in recent years. Specifically, the broader understanding of CHE pathogenesis has led to the development of new drugs, both topical and systemic. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the current available data on hand eczema pathophysiology and explore the resulting developments in drugs for its treatment. A comprehensive search on PubMed and the other main scientific databases was conducted using keywords related to CHE and its pathogenesis. The most relevant pathways targeted by therapies include the JAK-STAT cascade, IL-4, and IL-13 axis, phosphodiesterase 4 enzyme, and chemo-attractant cytokines. In the near future, physicians will have a plethora of therapeutic alternatives. Consequently, they should be well-trained not only in how to use these alternatives but also how to combine these treatments to address the ongoing challenges related to efficacy, tolerability, and safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]],"date-time":"2023-12-27T05:43:15Z","timestamp":1703655795000},"page":"362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["New Perspectives in the Management of Chronic Hand Eczema: Lessons from Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Vittorio","family":"Tancredi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"Buononato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7433-9283","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Caccavale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenia Veronica","family":"Di Brizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Di Caprio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1413-8214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Argenziano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Balato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.16061","article-title":"Hand eczema: Epidemiology, prognosis and prevention","volume":"34","author":"Agner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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