{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:20:39Z","timestamp":1790817639299,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B)","award":["JP21H02371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP21H02371"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus stands as one of the most pervasive pathogens given its morbidity and mortality worldwide due to its roles as an infectious agent that causes a wide variety of diseases ranging from moderately severe skin infections to fatal pneumonia and sepsis. S. aureus produces a variety of exotoxins that serve as important virulence factors in S. aureus-related infectious diseases and food poisoning in both humans and animals. For example, staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced by S. aureus induce staphylococcal foodborne poisoning; toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), as a typical superantigen, induces toxic shock syndrome; hemolysins induce cell damage in erythrocytes and leukocytes; and exfoliative toxin induces staphylococcal skin scalded syndrome. Recently, Panton\u2013Valentine leucocidin, a cytotoxin produced by community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), has been reported, and new types of SEs and staphylococcal enterotoxin-like toxins (SEls) were discovered and reported successively. This review addresses the progress of and novel insights into the molecular structure, biological activities, and pathogenicity of both the classic and the newly identified exotoxins produced by S. aureus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010395","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T03:30:34Z","timestamp":1703734234000},"page":"395","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Molecular Characteristics and Pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus Exotoxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9482-3205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"},{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5267-9639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rendong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Animal Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4581-6690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisaya K.","family":"Ono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4797-1117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong-Liang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoonoses, Kitasato University School of Veterinary Medicine, Towada 034-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s44149-021-00007-7","article-title":"Update on molecular diversity and multipathogenicity of staphylococcal superantigen toxins","volume":"1","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. 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