{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:08:05Z","timestamp":1777428485783,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["036\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["036\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["59\/300036\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59\/300036\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"unda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT\/MS PPSUS-MS)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"unda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT\/MS PPSUS-MS)","award":["036\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["036\/2017"]}]},{"name":"unda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento do Ensino, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (FUNDECT\/MS PPSUS-MS)","award":["59\/300036\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["59\/300036\/2015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leishmaniases are neglected diseases with limited therapeutic options. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis can occur in Brazil due to Leishmania amazonensis. This study details the antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity of complexes of sodium usnate (SAU) with lanthanide ions ([LnL3 (H2O)x] (Ln = La(III), Nd(III), Gd(III), Tb(III), Eu(III) and Sm(III); L = SAU). All lanthanide complexes were highly active and more potent than SAU against L. amazonensis promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes (Pro: IC50 &lt; 1.50 \u03bcM; Ama: IC50 &lt; 7.52 \u03bcM). EuL3\u00b73H2O and NdL3\u00b73H2O were the most selective and effective on intracellular amastigotes, with a selectivity index of approximately 7.0. In silico predictions showed no evidence of mutagenicity, tumorigenicity or irritation for all complexes. Treatment with EuL3\u00b73H2O triggered NO release even at the lowest concentration, indicating NO production as a mechanism of action against the parasite. Incubating promastigotes with the lanthanide complexes, particularly with SmL3\u00b74H2O and GdL3\u00b73H2O, led to a change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, indicating the ability of these complexes to target this essential organelle. The same complexes caused cell death through cell membrane disruption, but their relationship with early or late apoptotic processes remains unclear. Thus, the inclusion of lanthanide ions in SAU improves selectivity with a promising mechanism of action targeting the mitochondria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010413","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]],"date-time":"2023-12-28T03:30:34Z","timestamp":1703734234000},"page":"413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Antileishmanial Activity, Toxicity and Mechanism of Action of Complexes of Sodium Usnate with Lanthanide Ions: Eu(III), Sm(III), Gd(III), Nd(III), La(III) and Tb(III)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fernanda","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasmin Silva","family":"Rizk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amarith Rodrigues","family":"das Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Estela Mariana Guimar\u00e3es","family":"Louren\u00e7o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de S\u00edntese e Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de Mol\u00e9culas Org\u00e2nicas-SINTMOL, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79074-460, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alda Maria Teixeira","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Imunologia, Biologia Molecular e Bioensaios, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melquisedeque Mateus","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Culturas Celulares, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6023-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00eanis Pires","family":"de Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de S\u00edntese e Transforma\u00e7\u00e3o de Mol\u00e9culas Org\u00e2nicas-SINTMOL, Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79074-460, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renata Trentin","family":"Perdomo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Biologia Molecular e Culturas Celulares, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iluska Senna","family":"Bonf\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia e Inflama\u00e7\u00e3o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79074-460, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f4nica Cristina","family":"Toffoli-Kadri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Farmacologia e Inflama\u00e7\u00e3o, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Alimentos e Nutri\u00e7\u00e3o, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79074-460, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriana Pereira","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79074-460, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel Mendes","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul (UEMS), Campo Grande 79804-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0405-6514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco Antonio Utrera","family":"Martines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Qu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79074-460, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eliane Mattos","family":"Piranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3106-781X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Cardozo Pinto","family":"de Arruda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laborat\u00f3rio de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, July 15). 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