{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:54:24Z","timestamp":1791327264486,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AIRC\u2014Associazione Italiana di Ricerca sul Cancro","award":["25766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25766"]}]},{"name":"AIRC\u2014Associazione Italiana di Ricerca sul Cancro","award":["2021.1774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.1774"]}]},{"name":"AIRC\u2014Associazione Italiana di Ricerca sul Cancro","award":["MFAG-2021 #26004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFAG-2021 #26004"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione CRT","award":["25766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25766"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione CRT","award":["2021.1774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.1774"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione CRT","award":["MFAG-2021 #26004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFAG-2021 #26004"]}]},{"name":"University of Turin","award":["25766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25766"]}]},{"name":"University of Turin","award":["2021.1774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.1774"]}]},{"name":"University of Turin","award":["MFAG-2021 #26004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFAG-2021 #26004"]}]},{"name":"Associazione Italiana di Ricerca sul Cancro","award":["25766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25766"]}]},{"name":"Associazione Italiana di Ricerca sul Cancro","award":["2021.1774"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021.1774"]}]},{"name":"Associazione Italiana di Ricerca sul Cancro","award":["MFAG-2021 #26004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MFAG-2021 #26004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast cancer stands as a primary malignancy among women, ranking second in global cancer-related deaths. Despite treatment advancements, many patients progress to metastatic stages, posing a significant therapeutic challenge. Current therapies primarily target cancer cells, overlooking their intricate interactions with the tumor microenvironment (TME) that fuel progression and treatment resistance. Dysregulated innate immunity in breast cancer triggers chronic inflammation, fostering cancer development and therapy resistance. Innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have emerged as crucial regulators of the immune response as well as of several immune-mediated or cancer cell-intrinsic mechanisms that either inhibit or promote tumor progression. In particular, several studies showed that the Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and the cyclic GMP\u2013AMP synthase (cGAS)\u2013stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathways play a central role in breast cancer progression. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the role of TLR2 and STING in breast cancer, and we explore the potential to target these PRRs for drug development. This information will significantly impact the scientific discussion on the use of PRR agonists or inhibitors in cancer therapy, opening up new and promising avenues for breast cancer treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010456","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T06:18:13Z","timestamp":1703830693000},"page":"456","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The Role of the Toll-like Receptor 2 and the cGAS-STING Pathways in Breast Cancer: Friends or Foes?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Chiara","family":"Cossu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences\u2013Molecular Biotechnology Center \u201cGuido Tarone\u201d, University of Turin, Piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5037-3396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences\u2013Molecular Biotechnology Center \u201cGuido Tarone\u201d, University of Turin, Piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Fiorilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto Maria","family":"Todesco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5660-4175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Audrito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technological Innovation (DISIT), University of Eastern Piedmont, 15121 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1780-098X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences\u2013Molecular Biotechnology Center \u201cGuido Tarone\u201d, University of Turin, Piazza Nizza 44, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21763","article-title":"Cancer Statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. 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