{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:33:52Z","timestamp":1780569232935,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]],"date-time":"2023-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the program of the Minister of Science and Higher Education in Poland under the name \u201cRegional Initiative of Excellence\u201d in 2019\u20132022","award":["002\/RID\/2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["002\/RID\/2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug addiction is a chronic biochemical drug use disorder that affects the human brain and behavior and leads to the uncontrolled use of legal or illicit drugs. It has been shown that three factors are involved in the development of addiction: genetic factors, a diverse environment, and the effect of medication on gene expression. The comprehensive approach and holistic analysis of the problem are due to the multigenic and multifactorial nature of addiction. Dopamine, one of the major neurotransmitters in the brain, is believed to be the \u201cculprit\u201d that leads to a drug abuse-induced \u201chigh\u201d. That is why, in our research, we focused mainly on the genes related to dopaminergic reuptake. In the present study, we chose methylation of the DAT1 dopamine transporter gene based on molecular reasons related to the dopaminergic theory of addiction. This study included two groups: 226 stimulant-dependent and 290 non-stimulant-dependent subjects. The analysis consisted of a case\u2013control comparison of people addicted to psychostimulants compared to a control group of healthy and non-addicted people. There were differences in the levels of statistical significance between the groups. Our research shows lower methylation of islands 1, 9, and 14 in addicted people and greater methylation of islands 32 and 33. The difference in individual CpG methylation islands of the gene under study provides valuable information about the DNA methylation process in patients addicted to psychostimulants. Pearson\u2019s linear correlation analysis in stimulant dependence showed a negative correlation between total methylation island levels and the NEO-FFI Neuroticism scale. In subjects with neuroticism, the methylation level was statistically significantly lower. Pearson\u2019s linear correlation analysis of stimulant-dependent subjects showed a positive correlation between total methylation island levels and the NEO-FFI Openness scale and the NEO-FFI Conscientiousness scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010532","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T06:37:12Z","timestamp":1704004632000},"page":"532","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Analysis of the Methylation Level of the DAT1 Dopamine Transporter Gene in Patients Addicted to Stimulants, Taking into Account an Analysis of Personality Traits"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7841-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Remigiusz","family":"Rec\u0142aw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundation Strong in the Spirit, 60 Sienkiewicza St., 90-058 \u0141odz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8402-0564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena","family":"Lachowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza G\u00f3rskiego 1 St., 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4254-5466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3285-5313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolanta","family":"Chmielowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6564-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Stro\u0144ska-Pluta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142 Tomasz","family":"Kowalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Department of Cardiology, Nowa S\u00f3l Multidisciplinary Hospital, 67-100 Nowa Sol, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7687-1887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz","family":"Kudli\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Anesthesiology and Intensive Care in K. Marcinkowski University Hospital, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Grzywacz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"874","article-title":"Neurobiological Underpinnings in Drug Addiction","volume":"39","author":"Nwonu","year":"2022","journal-title":"West. Afr. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00792-8","article-title":"TAAR1 and Psychostimulant Addiction","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. 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