{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:12:33Z","timestamp":1782166353767,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2012\/05\/D\/NZ6\/02916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2012\/05\/D\/NZ6\/02916"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Development Foundation\u2014Warsaw University of Life Sciences","award":["UMO-2012\/05\/D\/NZ6\/02916"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2012\/05\/D\/NZ6\/02916"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ectromelia virus (ECTV) is a causative agent of mousepox. It provides a suitable model for studying the immunobiology of orthopoxviruses, including their interaction with the host cell cytoskeleton. As professional antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) control the pericellular environment, capture antigens, and present them to T lymphocytes after migration to secondary lymphoid organs. Migration of immature DCs is possible due to the presence of specialized adhesion structures, such as podosomes or focal adhesions (FAs). Since assembly and disassembly of adhesive structures are highly associated with DCs\u2019 immunoregulatory and migratory functions, we evaluated how ECTV infection targets podosomes and FAs\u2019 organization and formation in natural-host bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDC). We found that ECTV induces a rapid dissolution of podosomes at the early stages of infection, accompanied by the development of larger and wider FAs than in uninfected control cells. At later stages of infection, FAs were predominantly observed in long cellular extensions, formed extensively by infected cells. Dissolution of podosomes in ECTV-infected BMDCs was not associated with maturation and increased 2D cell migration in a wound healing assay; however, accelerated transwell migration of ECTV-infected cells towards supernatants derived from LPS-conditioned BMDCs was observed. We suggest that ECTV-induced changes in the spatial organization of adhesive structures in DCs may alter the adhesiveness\/migration of DCs during some conditions, e.g., inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]],"date-time":"2023-12-31T06:37:12Z","timestamp":1704004632000},"page":"558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ectromelia Virus Affects the Formation and Spatial Organization of Adhesive Structures in Murine Dendritic Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8729-1207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Biernacka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Gregorczyk-Zboroch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iwona","family":"Lasocka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology of Animal Environment, Institute of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8781-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Ostrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Struzik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Giery\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9560-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix N.","family":"Toka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre P.O. Box 334, Saint Kitts and Nevis"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5436-6556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Szulc-D\u0105browska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.81090-0","article-title":"Ectromelia Virus: The Causative Agent of Mousepox","volume":"86","author":"Esteban","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alejo, A., Saraiva, M., Ruiz-Arg\u00fcello, M.B., Viejo-Borbolla, A., de Marco, M.F., Salguero, F.J., and Alcami, A. (2009). A Method for the Generation of Ectromelia Virus (ECTV) Recombinants: In Vivo Analysis of ECTV VCD30 Deletion Mutants. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005175"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"319","article-title":"Variable Resistance to Ectromelia (Mousepox) Virus among Genera of Mus","volume":"127","author":"Buller","year":"1986","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Fenner, F., Henderson, D.A., Arita, I., Jezek, Z., and Ladnyi, I.D.L. (1988). Smallpox and Its Eradication, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190572","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2019.0572","article-title":"Variola Virus Genome Sequenced from an Eighteenth-Century Museum Specimen Supports the Recent Origin of Smallpox","volume":"375","author":"Ferrari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenner, F., Wittek, R., and Dumbell, K.R. (1989). The Orthopoxviruses, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-253045-6.50013-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shchelkunov, S.N. (2013). An Increasing Danger of Zoonotic Orthopoxvirus Infections. PLoS Pathog., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003756"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/S1369-5274(98)80121-5","article-title":"The Threat of Bioterrorism Returns the Fear of Smallpox","volume":"1","author":"Atlas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5520(05)70189-6","article-title":"Agents of Bioterrorism. Preparing for Bioterrorism at the Community Health Care Level","volume":"15","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2200482","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.24.2200482","article-title":"Monkeypox in Europe and beyond-Tackling a Neglected Disease Together","volume":"27","author":"Kluge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.026","article-title":"Zoonotic Poxviruses","volume":"140","author":"Essbauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Oliveira, J.S., Figueiredo, P.d.O., Costa, G.B., De Assis, F.L., Drumond, B.P., Da Fonseca, F.G., Nogueira, M.L., Kroon, E.G., and de Souza Trindade, G. (2017). Vaccinia Virus Natural Infections in Brazil: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110340"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruneau, R.C., Tazi, L., and Rothenburg, S. (2023). Cowpox Viruses: A Zoo Full of Viral Diversity and Lurking Threats. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020325"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, G.P., Rodrigues, R.A.L., Lima, M.T., Drumond, B.P., and Abrah\u00e3o, J.S. (2017). Poxvirus Host Range Genes and Virus-Host Spectrum: A Critical Review. Viruses, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110331"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szulc-Dabrowska, L., Struzik, J., Cymerys, J., Winnicka, A., Nowak, Z., Toka, F.N., and Gierynska, M. (2017). The in Vitro Inhibitory Effect of Ectromelia Virus Infection on Innate and Adaptive Immune Properties of GM-CSF-Derived Bone Marrow Cells Is Mouse Strain-Independent. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02539"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szulc-D\u0105browska, L., Struzik, J., Ostrowska, A., Guzera, M., Toka, F.N., Bossowska-Nowicka, M., Giery\u0144ska, M.M., Winnicka, A., Nowak, Z., and Niemia\u0142towski, M.G. (2017). Functional Paralysis of GM-CSF-Derived Bone Marrow Cells Productively Infected with Ectromelia Virus. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0179166"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/10.8.1017","article-title":"Induction of Th2 Cell Differentiation in the Primary Immune Response: Dendritic Cells Isolated from Adherent Cell Culture Treated with IL-10 Prime Naive CD4+ T Cells to Secrete IL-4","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020558317162","article-title":"Dendritic Cells: A Link between Innate and Adaptive Immunity","volume":"19","author":"Palucka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0088-1","article-title":"Dendritic Cell Subsets in T Cell Programming: Location Dictates Function","volume":"19","author":"Eisenbarth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"17","article-title":"Dendritic Cells: Translating Innate to Adaptive Immunity","volume":"311","author":"Steinman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099153","article-title":"Enhanced Dendritic Cell Antigen Capture via Toll-like Receptor-Induced Actin Remodeling","volume":"305","author":"West","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2014.04.016","article-title":"Development and Function of Dendritic Cell Subsets","volume":"40","author":"Mildner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1845","article-title":"Dendritic Cells in a Mature Age","volume":"6","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ten Broeke, T., Wubbolts, R., and Stoorvogel, W. (2013). MHC Class II Antigen Presentation by Dendritic Cells Regulated through Endosomal Sorting. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 5.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016873"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, M., Zhou, S., Yu, Y., Su, Q., Li, X., and Lin, W. (2021). Regulation of the Migration of Distinct Dendritic Cell Subsets. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.635221"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0012.0536","article-title":"Struktury Protruzyjne i Retrakcyjne Formuj\u0105ce Si\u0119 Podczas Migracji Kom\u00f3rki","volume":"72","author":"Kuzan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.3.1567","article-title":"A Critical Role for Prostaglandin E2 in Podosome Dissolution and Induction of High-Speed Migration during Dendritic Cell Maturation","volume":"177","author":"Krooshoop","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1052","article-title":"Van Podosomes of Dendritic Cells Facilitate Antigen Sampling","volume":"127","author":"Baranov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2018.12.009","article-title":"Variations on the Theme of Podosomes: A Matter of Context","volume":"1866","author":"Alonso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2006.10.037","article-title":"WIP Regulates the Stability and Localization of WASP to Podosomes in Migrating Dendritic Cells","volume":"16","author":"Chou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Linder, S., and Cervero, P. (2020). The Podosome Cap: Past, Present, Perspective. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 99.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2020.151087"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0962-8924(03)00128-4","article-title":"Podosomes: Adhesion Hot-Spots of Invasive Cells","volume":"13","author":"Linder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.02390","article-title":"Podosomesat a Glance","volume":"118","author":"Linder","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12108","article-title":"Migration of Dendritic Cells: Physical Principles, Molecular Mechanisms, and Functional Implications","volume":"256","author":"Vargas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12054","article-title":"Mechanotransduction at Focal Adhesions: Integrating Cytoskeletal Mechanics in Migrating Cells","volume":"17","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Legerstee, K., and Houtsmuller, A.B. (2021). A Layered View on Focal Adhesions. Biology, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111189"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-111315-125341","article-title":"Focal Adhesion-Independent Cell Migration","volume":"32","author":"Paluch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(02)00971-6","article-title":"Integrins: Bidirectional, Allosteric Signaling Machines","volume":"110","author":"Hynes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0248-4900(00)01101-1","article-title":"Focal Adhesions: Structure and Dynamics","volume":"92","author":"Petit","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2008.02.012","article-title":"Podosome-Type Adhesions and Focal Adhesions, so Alike yet so Different","volume":"87","author":"Block","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.21119","article-title":"Podosomes in Adhesion, Migration, Mechanosensing and Matrix Remodeling","volume":"70","author":"Schachtner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weber, K., Hey, S., Cervero, P., and Linder, S. (2022). The Circle of Life: Phases of Podosome Formation, Turnover and Reemergence. Eur. J. Cell Biol., 101.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2022.151218"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105514","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105514","article-title":"Super-Resolution Microscopy Reveals Nanoscale Architecture and Regulation of Podosome Clusters in Primary Macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.27840","article-title":"Podosome Organization Drives Osteoclast-Mediated Bone Resorption","volume":"8","author":"Georgess","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Adh. Migr."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(98)00204-X","article-title":"An Advanced Culture Method for Generating Large Quantities of Highly Pure Dendritic Cells from Mouse Bone Marrow","volume":"223","author":"Lutz","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/cm.21308","article-title":"Remodeling of the Fibroblast Cytoskeletal Architecture during the Replication Cycle of Ectromelia Virus: A Morphological in Vitro Study in a Murine Cell Line","volume":"73","author":"Gregorczyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cytoskeleton"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gregorczyk, K.P., Wy\u017cewski, Z., Szczepanowska, J., Toka, F.N., Mielcarska, M.B., Bossowska-Nowicka, M., Giery\u0144ska, M., Boraty\u0144ska-Jasi\u0144ska, A., Struzik, J., and Niemia\u0142towski, M.G. (2018). Ectromelia Virus Affects Mitochondrial Network Morphology, Distribution, and Physiology in Murine Fibroblasts and Macrophage Cell Line. Viruses, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050266"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200212037","article-title":"Macrophage Podosomes Assemble at the Leading Lamella by Growth and Fragmentation","volume":"161","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18861-2","article-title":"Biogenesis of Podosome Rosettes through Fission","volume":"8","author":"Kuo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e07-03-0227","article-title":"The Tyrosine Kinase Activity of C-Src Regulates Actin Dynamics and Organization of Podosomes in Osteoclasts","volume":"19","author":"Destaing","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201103016","article-title":"FAK Is Required for the Assembly of Podosome Rosettes","volume":"195","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01294","article-title":"Measles Virus Infection Fosters Dendritic Cell Motility in a 3D Environment to Enhance Transmission to Target Cells in the Respiratory Epithelium","volume":"10","author":"Derakhshani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1735","article-title":"Rapid Cytoskeleton Remodelling in Dendritic Cells Following Invasion by Toxoplasma Gondii Coincides with the Onset of a Hypermigratory Phenotype","volume":"15","author":"Weidner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u00d3lafsson, E.B., Varas-Godoy, M., and Barragan, A. (2018). Toxoplasma Gondii Infection Shifts Dendritic Cells into an Amoeboid Rapid Migration Mode Encompassing Podosome Dissolution, Secretion of TIMP-1, and Reduced Proteolysis of Extracellular Matrix. Cell. Microbiol., 20.","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12808"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900764","article-title":"TLR4-Mediated Podosome Loss Discriminates Gram-Negative from Gram-Positive Bacteria in Their Capacity to Induce Dendritic Cell Migration and Maturation","volume":"184","author":"Oud","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00846","article-title":"Podosomes, But Not the Maturation Status, Determine the Protease-Dependent 3D Migration in Human Dendritic Cells","volume":"9","author":"Cougoule","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.318","article-title":"Cell Adhesion Molecules Regulate Contractile Ring-Independent Cytokinesis in DictyosteliumDiscoideum","volume":"19","author":"Nagasaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.110.22.2833","article-title":"The Composition and Dynamics of Cell-Substratum Adhesions in Locomoting Fish Keratocytes","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4695","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00876","article-title":"T-Cell Integrins: More than Just Sticking Points","volume":"116","author":"Hogg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2013.02.003","article-title":"The Role of Focal Adhesion Complexes in Fibroblast Mechanotransduction during Scar Formation","volume":"86","author":"Rustad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Differentiation."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-220160","article-title":"Focal Adhesion Size Uniquely Predicts Cell Migration","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.24804","article-title":"Predicting How Cells Spread and Migrate: Focal Adhesion Size Does Matter","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.05.023","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Constraints on the Force-Dependent Growth of Focal Adhesions","volume":"100","author":"Stricker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.08.048","article-title":"A Chemomechanical Model of Matrix and Nuclear Rigidity Regulation of Focal Adhesion Size","volume":"109","author":"Cao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200801022","article-title":"TLR Ligand-Induced Podosome Disassembly in Dendritic Cells Is ADAM17 Dependent","volume":"182","author":"West","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2018.81352","article-title":"Long Actin-Based Cellular Protrusions as Novel Evidence of the Cytopathic Effect Induced in Immune Cells Infected by the Ectromelia Virus","volume":"43","author":"Struzik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cent. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200636230","article-title":"Vaccinia Virus Impairs Directional Migration and Chemokine Receptor Switch of Human Dendritic Cells","volume":"37","author":"Humrich","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000928","article-title":"Vaccinia Virus Infection Inhibits Skin Dendritic Cell Migration to the Draining Lymph Node","volume":"206","author":"Aggio","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9924","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.12.9924-9933.1998","article-title":"Vaccinia Virus Induces Ca2+-Independent Cell-Matrix Adhesion during the Motile Phase of Infection","volume":"72","author":"Sanderson","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.19292-0","article-title":"The Vaccinia Virus Kelch-like Protein C2L Affects Calcium-Independent Adhesion to the Extracellular Matrix and Inflammation in a Murine Intradermal Model","volume":"84","author":"Reading","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201301016","article-title":"HGAAP Promotes Cell Adhesion and Migration via the Stimulation of Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry and Calpain 2","volume":"202","author":"Saraiva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2367","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.055921-0","article-title":"Vaccinia Virus Immune Evasion: Mechanisms, Virulence and Immunogenicity","volume":"94","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/35017080","article-title":"A Complex of N-WASP and WIP Integrates Signalling Cascades That Lead to Actin Polymerization","volume":"2","author":"Moreau","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2008.02062.x","article-title":"WASP and WIP Regulate Podosomes in Migrating Leukocytes","volume":"231","author":"Calle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sokolik, C.G., Qassem, N., and Chill, J.H. (2020). The Disordered Cellular Multi-Tasker WIP and Its Protein-Protein Interactions: A Structural View. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10071084"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/1\/558\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:45:19Z","timestamp":1760132719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/1\/558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25010558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25010558","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,31]]}}}