{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T02:11:53Z","timestamp":1791511913856,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32002155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWU-KT22010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KT22010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M673157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research, Funds for the Central Universities","award":["32002155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002155"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research, Funds for the Central Universities","award":["SWU-KT22010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KT22010"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research, Funds for the Central Universities","award":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0004"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research, Funds for the Central Universities","award":["2020M673157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673157"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development","award":["32002155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002155"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development","award":["SWU-KT22010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KT22010"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development","award":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0004"]}]},{"name":"Special Key Project of Chongqing Technology Innovation and Application Development","award":["2020M673157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673157"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32002155"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32002155"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWU-KT22010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-KT22010"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021jscx-gksbX0004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020M673157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020M673157"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron is a vital trace element that plays an important role in humans and other organisms. It plays an active role in the growth, development, and reproduction of bacteria, such as Bifidobacteria. Iron deficiency or excess can negatively affect bacterial hosts. Studies have reported a major role of iron in the human intestine, which is necessary for maintaining body homeostasis and intestinal barrier function. Organisms can maintain their normal activities and regulate some cancer cells in the body by regulating iron excretion and iron-dependent ferroptosis. In addition, iron can modify the interaction between hosts and microorganisms by altering their growth and virulence or by affecting the immune system of the host. Lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), Lactobacillus rhamnosus (L. rhamnosus), and Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) were reported to increase trace elements, protect the host intestinal barrier, mitigate intestinal inflammation, and regulate immune function. This review article focuses on the two aspects of the iron and gut and generally summarizes the mechanistic role of iron ions in intestinal immunity and the remodeling of gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]],"date-time":"2024-01-05T10:06:43Z","timestamp":1704449203000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Mechanism of Iron Ion Homeostasis in Intestinal Immunity and Gut Microbiota Remodeling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Honghong","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanlin","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6064-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifu","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingbin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.15698\/mic2017.05.574","article-title":"Insights from the redefinition of Helicobacter pylori lipopolysaccharide O-antigen and core-oligosaccharide domains","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-021-02343-8","article-title":"Inflammatory and Oxidative Pathways Are New Drug Targets in Multiple Episode Schizophrenia and Leaky Gut, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and C1q Immune Complexes Are Additional Drug Targets in First Episode Schizophrenia","volume":"58","author":"Maes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.11.003","article-title":"Microbiota-specific T follicular helper cells drive tertiary lymphoid structures and anti-tumor immunity against colorectal cancer","volume":"54","author":"Bumgarner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06199-x","article-title":"CD4(+) T cell-induced inflammatory cell death controls immune-evasive tumours","volume":"618","author":"Kruse","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02218-4","article-title":"Iron Overload Resulting from the Chronic Oral Administration of Ferric Citrate Impairs Intestinal Immune and Barrier in Mice","volume":"199","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4246255","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/4246255","article-title":"Emerging Pathological Engagement of Ferroptosis in Gut Diseases","volume":"2021","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-199911000-00003","article-title":"Deferiprone, an oral iron chelator, ameliorates experimental colitis and gastric ulceration in rats","volume":"5","author":"Ablin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.7","article-title":"Dysbiosis and the immune system","volume":"17","author":"Levy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-856500","article-title":"Anemia of inflammation","volume":"133","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101510","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and organismal aging","volume":"72","author":"Zeidan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.69.031905.164337","article-title":"Iron homeostasis","volume":"69","author":"Andrews","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nemeth, E., and Ganz, T. (2021). Hepcidin-Ferroportin Interaction Controls Systemic Iron Homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126493"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2019.01.002","article-title":"Hepcidin-ferroportin axis in health and disease","volume":"110","author":"Ginzburg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G397","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00348.2013","article-title":"Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption","volume":"307","author":"Gulec","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.01.003","article-title":"The iron exporter ferroportin\/Slc40a1 is essential for iron homeostasis","volume":"1","author":"Donovan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujiwara, T., and Harigae, H. (2015). Biology of Heme in Mammalian Erythroid Cells and Related Disorders. Biomed. Res. Int., 2015.","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/278536"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1999.3238","article-title":"Transferrin, is a mixed chelate-protein ternary complex involved in the mechanism of iron uptake by serum-transferrin in vitro?","volume":"293","author":"Pakdaman","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1183","article-title":"Effect of porphyrin ring ligands on the affinity of heme iron to axial ligands","volume":"10","author":"Lampe","year":"1976","journal-title":"Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s00775-018-1532-1","article-title":"Roles and maturation of iron-sulfur proteins in plastids","volume":"23","author":"Roland","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000124","article-title":"Gastroduodenal mucosal defense","volume":"30","author":"Kemmerly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2011.03.001","article-title":"Advances in metal-induced oxidative stress and human disease","volume":"283","author":"Jomova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, G., Li, J., Zhang, Y., and Chang, Y.-Z. (2019). Cellular Iron Metabolism and Regulation. Brain Iron Metab. CNS Dis., 21\u201332.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-9589-5_2"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.2003.03384.x","article-title":"Mechanisms of iron regulation in mycobacteria: Role in physiology and virulence","volume":"47","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-009-0051-1","article-title":"Mammalian iron transport","volume":"66","author":"Anderson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200007000-00005","article-title":"Regulation of mammalian iron homeostasis","volume":"3","author":"Schneider","year":"2000","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.012809.104801","article-title":"Iron-Sensing Proteins that Regulate Hepcidin and Enteric Iron Absorption","volume":"30","author":"Knutson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vogt, A.S., Arsiwala, T., Mohsen, M., Vogel, M., Manolova, V., and Bachmann, M.F. (2021). On Iron Metabolism and Its Regulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094591"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuji, Y. (2020). Transmembrane protein western blotting: Impact of sample preparation on detection of SLC11A2 (DMT1) and SLC40A1 (ferroportin). PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0235563"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2013.01.002","article-title":"Mammalian iron transporters: Families SLC11 and SLC40","volume":"34","author":"Montalbetti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24356","article-title":"Slc11a2 is required for intestinal iron absorption and erythropoiesis but dispensable in placenta and liver","volume":"115","author":"Gunshin","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1038\/41343","article-title":"Cloning and characterization of a mammalian proton-coupled metal-ion transporter","volume":"388","author":"Gunshin","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.020","article-title":"DMT1 and iron transport","volume":"133","author":"Yanatori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0574","article-title":"Molecular and functional roles of duodenal cytochrome B (Dcytb) in iron metabolism","volume":"29","author":"Vulpe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xing, Y., Gao, S., Zhang, X., and Zang, J. (2022). Dietary Heme-Containing Proteins: Structures, Applications, and Challenges. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11223594"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.06.025","article-title":"Identification of an intestinal heme transporter","volume":"122","author":"Shayeghi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galy, B., Conrad, M., and Muckenthaler, M. (2023). Mechanisms controlling cellular and systemic iron homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00648-1"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-05-786590","article-title":"Structure-function analysis of ferroportin defines the binding site and an alternative mechanism of action of hepcidin","volume":"131","author":"Aschemeyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1797","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-08-3375","article-title":"Hepcidin excess induces the sequestration of iron and exacerbates tumor-associated anemia","volume":"105","author":"Rivera","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.03.017","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Hepcidin-Mediated Ferroportin Internalization Requires Ferroportin Lysines, Not Tyrosines or JAK-STAT","volume":"15","author":"Ross","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.03.006","article-title":"A Ferroportin Transcript that Lacks an Iron-Responsive Element Enables Duodenal and Erythroid Precursor Cells to Evade Translational Repression","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Ems, T., St Lucia, K., and Huecker, M.R. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Chambers, K., Ashraf, M.A., and Sharma, S. (2023). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing LLC."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2016.09.004","article-title":"Iron Deficiency Anemia","volume":"101","author":"DeLoughery","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1007\/s12185-010-0760-0","article-title":"The molecular basis of iron overload disorders and iron-linked anemias","volume":"93","author":"Kaplan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra041809","article-title":"Anemia of chronic disease","volume":"352","author":"Weiss","year":"2005","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1024\/1661-8157.98.4.191","article-title":"Diagnosis and therapy of anemia in general practice","volume":"98","author":"Merlo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Praxis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz072","article-title":"Absence of iron-responsive element-binding protein 2 causes a novel neurodegenerative syndrome","volume":"142","author":"Costain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i5.521","article-title":"Iron and liver fibrosis: Mechanistic and clinical aspects","volume":"25","author":"Mehta","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0720-y","article-title":"Ferroptosis, a new form of cell death: Opportunities and challenges in cancer","volume":"12","author":"Mou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00324-8","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Mechanisms, biology and role in disease","volume":"22","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2054","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1810918","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Machinery and regulation","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1705-2","article-title":"The CoQ oxidoreductase FSP1 acts parallel to GPX4 to inhibit ferroptosis","volume":"575","author":"Bersuker","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2019.06.010","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and iron-regulated ROS in cell death, senescence and human diseases","volume":"1863","author":"Nakamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00441-1","article-title":"Ferroptosis: Molecular mechanisms and health implications","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2022.09.021","article-title":"Ferroptosis heterogeneity in triple-negative breast cancer reveals an innovative immunotherapy combination strategy","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2019.04.002","article-title":"Targeting Ferroptosis to Iron Out Cancer","volume":"35","author":"Hassannia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11355","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.8b06201","article-title":"Fenton-Reaction-Acceleratable Magnetic Nanoparticles for Ferroptosis Therapy of Orthotopic Brain Tumors","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.06.028","article-title":"Two to tango: Regulation of Mammalian iron metabolism","volume":"142","author":"Hentze","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-337212","article-title":"Low hepcidin accounts for the proinflammatory status associated with iron deficiency","volume":"118","author":"Pagani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7452","article-title":"The effect of ferrous-chelating hairtail peptides on iron deficiency and intestinal flora in rats","volume":"96","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.231621","article-title":"Dietary Iron Deficiency and Oversupplementation Increase Intestinal Permeability, Ion Transport, and Inflammation in Pigs","volume":"146","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"2111","article-title":"Iron metabolism","volume":"56","author":"Troadec","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rev. Prat."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.28508","article-title":"Hepcidin and the iron enigma in HCV infection","volume":"5","author":"Georgopoulou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"847","article-title":"The Evaluation of Iron Deficiency and Iron Overload","volume":"118","author":"Gattermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2090","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104742","article-title":"Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalization","volume":"306","author":"Nemeth","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.27829","article-title":"Imbalance of erythropoiesis and iron metabolism in patients with thalassemia","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2019.01.011","article-title":"Hepcidin, iron, and bacterial infection","volume":"110","author":"Barton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1148","article-title":"The regulation of iron transport","volume":"40","author":"Frazer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1999.tb06934.x","article-title":"Iron transport across biologic membranes","volume":"57","author":"Andrews","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.03.015","article-title":"Intestinal iron absorption","volume":"26","author":"Fuqua","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2018.04.002","article-title":"The Intestinal Epithelium: Central Coordinator of Mucosal Immunity","volume":"39","author":"Allaire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20140225","article-title":"Chaperone protein involved in transmembrane transport of iron","volume":"462","author":"Yanatori","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3933","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-09-3139","article-title":"Hephaestin is a ferroxidase that maintains partial activity in sex-linked anemia mice","volume":"103","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.111.145854","article-title":"Absorption of iron from ferritin is independent of heme iron and ferrous salts in women and rat intestinal segments","volume":"142","author":"Theil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Shao, M., Huang, H., Wang, S., Ma, L., Wang, H., Hu, L., Wei, K., and Zhu, R. (2018). The Dynamic Distribution of Small-Tail Han Sheep Microbiota across Different Intestinal Segments. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00032"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, P., Ishimoto, T., Fu, L., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., and Liu, Y. (2022). The Gut Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.733992"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"308","article-title":"The human gut microbiota: Metabolism and perspective in obesity","volume":"9","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114364","article-title":"Ferric citrate-induced colonic mucosal damage associated with oxidative stress, inflammation responses, apoptosis, and the changes of gut microbial composition","volume":"249","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmm.IJMM_19_373","article-title":"Gut microbiota and its mysteries","volume":"37","author":"Pushpanathan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104312","article-title":"Lactobacillus sp. improved microbiota and metabolite profiles of aging rats","volume":"146","author":"Hor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15163","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i41.15163","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota in health and disease: Role of bifidobacteria in gut homeostasis","volume":"20","author":"Tojo","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"93","article-title":"Bellagio conference and book. Symbiosis as Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis. Conference\u2014June 25\u201330, 1989, Bellagio Conference Center, Italy","volume":"11","author":"Margulis","year":"1991","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van de Guchte, M., Blotti\u00e8re, H.M., and Dor\u00e9, J. (2018). Humans as holobionts: Implications for prevention and therapy. Microbiome, 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0466-8"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"284","article-title":"Autocenosis and democenosis as symbiotic systems and biological notions","volume":"73","author":"Savinov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zhurnal Obs. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00036-17","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00036-17","article-title":"The First Microbial Colonizers of the Human Gut: Composition, Activities, and Health Implications of the Infant Gut Microbiota","volume":"81","author":"Milani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20151570","article-title":"Immunometabolism governs dendritic cell and macrophage function","volume":"213","author":"Pearce","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s10695-021-01027-3","article-title":"A systematic review of advances in intestinal microflora of fish","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s002840010257","article-title":"The Effects of Dietary Ferric Iron and Iron Deprivation on the Bacterial Composition of the Mouse Intestine","volume":"43","author":"Tompkins","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02013651","article-title":"Effect of iron on neonatal gut flora during the first three months of life","volume":"4","author":"Marcelis","year":"1985","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.110.004564","article-title":"The effects of iron fortification on the gut microbiota in African children: A randomized controlled trial in Cote d\u2019Ivoire","volume":"92","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10887","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO01802G","article-title":"Effects of Ejiao peptide\u2013iron chelates on intestinal inflammation and gut microbiota in iron deficiency anemic mice","volume":"12","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Amp; Funct."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510001637","article-title":"Low levels of faecal lactobacilli in women with iron-deficiency anaemia in south India","volume":"104","author":"Balamurugan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"485","article-title":"Microbiome, holobiont and the net of life","volume":"42","author":"Salvucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923599","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.923599","article-title":"The Role of Gut Microbiota in Some Liver Diseases: From an Immunological Perspective","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201948354","article-title":"Gut microbiota alterations affect glioma growth and innate immune cells involved in tumor immunosurveillance in mice","volume":"50","author":"Antonangeli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"708","article-title":"Influence of intestinal dysbacteriosis on immune and hematopoietec function in mice","volume":"42","author":"Liang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi = Chin. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.B2100182","article-title":"A comprehensive update: Gastrointestinal microflora, gastric cancer and gastric premalignant condition, and intervention by traditional Chinese medicine","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-008-0119-1","article-title":"Probiotic use in the critically ill","volume":"75","author":"Singhi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Indian. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2015.17","article-title":"Mucosal immunity to pathogenic intestinal bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Behnsen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00575","article-title":"Intestinal Flora and Disease Mutually Shape the Regional Immune System in the Intestinal Tract","volume":"11","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"14","article-title":"Interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system","volume":"4","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05414","article-title":"An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest","volume":"444","author":"Turnbaugh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy038","article-title":"Loss of MicroRNA-21 Influences the Gut Microbiota, Causing Reduced Susceptibility in a Murine Model of Colitis","volume":"12","author":"Johnston","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2007595118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007595118","article-title":"Capsular polysaccharide correlates with immune response to the human gut microbe Ruminococcus gnavus","volume":"118","author":"Henke","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy107","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori Colonization Protects Against Chronic Experimental Colitis by Regulating Th17\/Treg Balance","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"463","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12395","article-title":"Human autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive update","volume":"278","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3164","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v28.i26.3164","article-title":"Bifidobacterium infantis regulates the programmed cell death 1 pathway and immune response in mice with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","article-title":"Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity","volume":"16","author":"Rooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217718","article-title":"The inhibitory receptor PD-1 regulates IgA selection and bacterial composition in the gut","volume":"336","author":"Kawamoto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2016.09.009","article-title":"PD-1\/PD-L and autoimmunity: A growing relationship","volume":"310","author":"Zamani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-011-0106-4","article-title":"Role of PD-1 in HIV pathogenesis and as target for therapy","volume":"9","author":"Porichis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.03.026","article-title":"Pharmacological insights into autophagy modulation in autoimmune diseases","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02620-w","article-title":"Gut microbiota mediated the therapeutic efficacies and the side effects of prednisone in the treatment of MRL\/lpr mice","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4615","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000082107","article-title":"Proinflammatory T-cell responses to gut microbiota promote experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"108","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2014.07.010","article-title":"Modulation of immune development and function by intestinal microbiota","volume":"35","author":"Kabat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0278-1","article-title":"An introduction to immunology and immunopathology","volume":"14","author":"Marshall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05309-5","article-title":"Novel antigen-presenting cell imparts Treg-dependent tolerance to gut microbiota","volume":"610","author":"Akagbosu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02345","article-title":"The Roles of Peyer\u2019s Patches and Microfold Cells in the Gut Immune System: Relevance to Autoimmune Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19320","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in immune homeostasis and autoimmunity","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170057","article-title":"Transcriptional and functional profiling defines human small intestinal macrophage subsets","volume":"215","author":"Bujko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.89","article-title":"Resident and pro-inflammatory macrophages in the colon represent alternative context-dependent fates of the same Ly6Chi monocyte precursors","volume":"6","author":"Bain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-018-0030-7","article-title":"Human intestinal pro-inflammatory CD11chighCCR2+CX3CR1+ macrophages, but not their tolerogenic CD11c\u2212CCR2\u2212CX3CR1\u2212 counterparts, are expanded in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Bernardo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70030-1","article-title":"Cytokine profiles differ in newly recruited and resident subsets of mucosal macrophages from inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"112","author":"Rugtveit","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.09.002","article-title":"Neutrophil-Epithelial Crosstalk during Intestinal Inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Kang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1999.00456.x","article-title":"Peripheral blood neutrophils of germ-free rats modified by in vivo granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor and exposure to natural environment","volume":"49","author":"Ohkubo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2087","article-title":"Recognition of peptidoglycan from the microbiota by Nod1 enhances systemic innate immunity","volume":"16","author":"Clarke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07336","article-title":"Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type 1 diabetes","volume":"455","author":"Wen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17023","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28436","article-title":"Role of SCFAs in gut microbiome and glycolysis for colorectal cancer therapy","volume":"234","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4087","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180530102050","article-title":"The Role of Diet Related Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Colorectal Cancer Metabolism and Survival: Prevention and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"27","author":"Gomes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids From Gut Microbiota in Gut-Brain Communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00277","article-title":"Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)-Mediated Gut Epithelial and Immune Regulation and Its Relevance for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Landskron","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, R.-G., Zhou, D.-D., Wu, S.-X., Huang, S.-Y., Saimaiti, A., Yang, Z.-J., Shang, A., Zhao, C.-N., Gan, R.-Y., and Li, H.-B. (2022). Health Benefits and Side Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11182863"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2976","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1700105","article-title":"Microbial-Derived Butyrate Promotes Epithelial Barrier Function through IL-10 Receptor\u2013Dependent Repression of Claudin-2","volume":"199","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2017.118","article-title":"GPR43 mediates microbiota metabolite SCFA regulation of antimicrobial peptide expression in intestinal epithelial cells via activation of mTOR and STAT3","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968257","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1968257","article-title":"Microbiota metabolite butyrate constrains neutrophil functions and ameliorates mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aay9097","article-title":"Multi-omics analyses of radiation survivors identify radioprotective microbes and metabolites","volume":"370","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yilmaz, B., and Li, H. (2018). Gut Microbiota and Iron: The Crucial Actors in Health and Disease. Pharmaceuticals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11040098"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Zhang, P., and Zhang, X. (2021). Probiotics Regulate Gut Microbiota: An Effective Method to Improve Immunity. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196076"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9050854","article-title":"Roles of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer prevention: Postulated mechanisms and in-vivo evidence","volume":"9","author":"Liong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1906.06064","article-title":"Role of Probiotics in Human Gut Microbiome-Associated Diseases","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azad, M.A.K., Sarker, M., Li, T., and Yin, J. (2018). Probiotic Species in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: An Overview. Biomed. Res. Int., 2018.","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9478630"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, C.X., Wang, H.Y., and Chen, T.X. (2019). Interactions between Intestinal Microflora\/Probiotics and the Immune System. Biomed. Res. Int., 2019.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6764919"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2013.06.004","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"13","author":"Geremia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00869-6","article-title":"Inflammasomes and adaptive immune responses","volume":"22","author":"Deets","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-016-0303-2","article-title":"Impact of the gut microbiota on inflammation, obesity, and metabolic disease","volume":"8","author":"Neves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, S.Z., Yu, Y.J., and Adeli, K. (2020). Role of Gut Microbiota in Neuroendocrine Regulation of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism via the Microbiota-Gut-Brain-Liver Axis. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8040527"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.02.008","article-title":"Gut Microbe to Brain Signaling: What Happens in Vagus\u2026","volume":"101","author":"Dinan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2004.09.002","article-title":"Activation in vagal afferents and central autonomic pathways: Early responses to intestinal infection with Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"19","author":"Goehler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.07.019","article-title":"Transferring the blues: Depression-associated gut microbiota induces neurobehavioural changes in the rat","volume":"82","author":"Kelly","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.77","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner","volume":"18","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut Microbiota Regulate Motor Deficits and Neuroinflammation in a Model of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-03080-6","article-title":"The intestinal flora of patients with GHPA affects the growth and the expression of PD-L1 of tumor","volume":"71","author":"Nie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18847","article-title":"The microbiome and innate immunity","volume":"535","author":"Thaiss","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G171","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00048.2015","article-title":"Homeostasis of the gut barrier and potential biomarkers","volume":"312","author":"Wells","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45270","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45270","article-title":"A primary human macrophage-enteroid co-culture model to investigate mucosal gut physiology and host-pathogen interactions","volume":"7","author":"Noel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(03)00197-X","article-title":"Human natural killer cell function and their interactions with dendritic cells","volume":"21","author":"Moretta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F9","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20012040","article-title":"Dendritic and natural killer cells cooperate in the control\/switch of innate immunity","volume":"195","author":"Zitvogel","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.2307\/1592338","article-title":"Evaluation of an avian-specific probiotic to reduce the colonization and shedding of Campylobacter jejuni in broilers","volume":"41","author":"Morishita","year":"1997","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200800101","article-title":"Probiotic bacteria are antagonistic to Salmonella enterica and Campylobacter jejuni and influence host lymphocyte responses in human microbiota-associated immunodeficient and immunocompetent mice","volume":"53","author":"Wagner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scott, E., De Paepe, K., and Van de Wiele, T. (2022). Postbiotics and Their Health Modulatory Biomolecules. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12111640"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e139434","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI139434","article-title":"TYRO3 induces anti\u2013PD-1\/PD-L1 therapy resistance by limiting innate immunity and tumoral ferroptosis","volume":"131","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3484","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3454","article-title":"A G3BP1-Interacting lncRNA Promotes Ferroptosis and Apoptosis in Cancer via Nuclear Sequestration of p53","volume":"78","author":"Mao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:40:59Z","timestamp":1760103659000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25020727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25020727","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,5]]}}}