{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:33:54Z","timestamp":1760142834336,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Verona"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Twenty-nine patients with HCV infection (HCV+) and mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC+) were retrospectively selected and matched for age and sex with 31 HCV+ MC\u2212 patients. Biomarkers of cholestasis (direct bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase), HCV-RNA and genotype, and plasma cryoprecipitates were measured before and after virus eradication; liver histology and plasma cells (aggregation and distribution), observed blinded by two pathologists, were analyzed. Sixty participants (mean age: 56.5; range: 35\u201377, males: 50%) with HCV infection were enrolled. Cholestasis (\u22652 pathologically increased cholestasis biomarkers) was significantly higher in the MC group (p = 0.02) and correlated with cryoglobulinemia (OR 6.52; p = 0.02). At liver histological assessment, plasma cells were significantly increased in the MC+ group (p = 0.004) and tended to form aggregates more than the control group (p = 0.05). At multivariate analysis with MC, age, HCV-RNA, HBV diabetes, and cirrhosis, cholestasis was only significantly correlated to MC (OR 8.30; p &lt; 0.05). In 25% patients, MC persisted after virus eradication with new antiviral treatment. Our study identified for the first time an association between MC, cholestasis, and an increased number of intrahepatic plasma cells in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients before virus eradication. Future studies are required to understand how MC contributes to liver damage and how its persistence affects the patients\u2019 follow-up after antiviral therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020784","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T07:59:20Z","timestamp":1704700760000},"page":"784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cholestatic HCV Cryoglobulinemia: A New Clinical and Pathological Entity before and after Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapies\u2014A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1800-0896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Ammendola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Romeo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Cattazzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-0784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donatella","family":"Ieluzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Paon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8999-0001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Montagnana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Neurological, Biomedical and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Pecori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Tomezzoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pathology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0402-4176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Dalbeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Medicine C, Department of Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"},{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Sacerdoti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(74)90852-3","article-title":"Biologic and clinical significance of cryoglobulins. 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