{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T11:40:02Z","timestamp":1787744402172,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are involved in a wide variety of physiological functions which are mediated via their diverse extracellular regions. They play key roles in cell\u2013cell contacts, bind various ligands and are regulated by dimerization and other processes. Depending on the subgroup, they have been described as everything from \u2018rigid rods\u2019 to \u2018floppy tentacles\u2019. Here, we review current experimental structural knowledge on the extracellular region of RPTPs and draw on AlphaFold structural predictions to provide further insights into structure and function of these cellular signalling molecules, which are often mutated in disease and are recognised as drug targets. In agreement with experimental data, AlphaFold predicted structures for extracellular regions of R1, and R2B subgroup RPTPs have an extended conformation, whereas R2B RPTPs are twisted, reflecting their high flexibility. For the R3 PTPs, AlphaFold predicts that members of this subgroup adopt an extended conformation while others are twisted, and that certain members, such as CD148, have one or more large, disordered loop regions in place of fibronectin type 3 domains suggested by sequence analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T04:38:51Z","timestamp":1704775131000},"page":"820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Analysis of Receptor-Type Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Extracellular Regions with Insights from AlphaFold"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4404-2021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"El Badaoui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7738-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alastair J.","family":"Barr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, London W1W 6UW, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2009.01.028","article-title":"Tyrosine phosphorylation: Thirty years and counting","volume":"21","author":"Hunter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. 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