{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:13:59Z","timestamp":1785575639020,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":202,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"#NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU)","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"#NEXTGENERATIONEU (NGEU)","award":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of University and Research (MUR)","award":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)","award":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"]}]},{"name":"MNESYS","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"MNESYS","award":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"]}]},{"name":"CUP D93C22000930002\u2014A multiscale integrated approach to the study of the nervous system in health and disease","award":["PE0000006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE0000006"]}]},{"name":"CUP D93C22000930002\u2014A multiscale integrated approach to the study of the nervous system in health and disease","award":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DN. 1553 11.10.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fear extinction is a phenomenon that involves a gradual reduction in conditioned fear responses through repeated exposure to fear-inducing cues. Functional brain connectivity assessments, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), provide valuable insights into how brain regions communicate during these processes. Stress, a ubiquitous aspect of life, influences fear learning and extinction by changing the activity of the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus, leading to enhanced fear responses and\/or impaired extinction. Glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) are key to the stress response and show a dual function in fear regulation: while they enhance the consolidation of fear memories, they also facilitate extinction. Accordingly, GR dysregulation is associated with anxiety and mood disorders. Recent advancements in cognitive neuroscience underscore the need for a comprehensive understanding that integrates perspectives from the molecular, cellular, and systems levels. In particular, neuropharmacology provides valuable insights into neurotransmitter and receptor systems, aiding the investigation of mechanisms underlying fear regulation and potential therapeutic targets. A notable player in this context is cortisol, a key stress hormone, which significantly influences both fear memory reconsolidation and extinction processes. Gaining a thorough understanding of these intricate interactions has implications in terms of addressing psychiatric disorders related to stress. This review sheds light on the complex interactions between cognitive processes, emotions, and their neural bases. In this endeavor, our aim is to reshape the comprehension of fear, stress, and their implications for emotional well-being, ultimately aiding in the development of therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T09:39:57Z","timestamp":1704879597000},"page":"864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Targeting Human Glucocorticoid Receptors in Fear Learning: A Multiscale Integrated Approach to Study Functional Connectivity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4133-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Battaglia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari\u201d, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Di Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari\u201d, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Mazz\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari\u201d, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Tamietto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1139-9996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Avenanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology \u201cRenzo Canestrari\u201d, Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy"},{"name":"Neuropsicology and Cognitive Neuroscience Research Center (CINPSI Neurocog), Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.08.007","article-title":"Neural Dynamics of Emotion and Cognition: From Trajectories to Underlying Neural Geometry","volume":"120","author":"Pessoa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Netw. 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