{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T15:07:54Z","timestamp":1785942474838,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetic Kidney Disease (DKD) is a significant complication of diabetes and primary cause of end-stage renal disease globally. The exact mechanisms underlying DKD remain poorly understood, but multiple factors, including the renin\u2013angiotensin\u2013aldosterone system (RAAS), play a key role in its progression. Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone, is one of the key components of RAAS and a potential mediator of renal damage and inflammation in DKD. miRNAs, small noncoding RNA molecules, have attracted interest due to their regulatory roles in numerous biological processes. These processes include aldosterone signaling and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expression. Numerous miRNAs have been recognized as crucial regulators of aldosterone signaling and MR expression. These miRNAs affect different aspects of the RAAS pathway and subsequent molecular processes, which impact sodium balance, ion transport, and fibrosis regulation. This review investigates the regulatory roles of particular miRNAs in modulating aldosterone signaling and MR activation, focusing on their impact on kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Understanding the complex interaction between miRNAs and the RAAS could lead to a new strategy to target aldosterone signaling and MR activation using miRNAs. This highlights the potential of miRNA-based interventions for DKD, with the aim of enhancing kidney outcomes in individuals with diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T09:39:57Z","timestamp":1704879597000},"page":"869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Potential of Modulating Aldosterone Signaling and Mineralocorticoid Receptor with microRNAs to Attenuate Diabetic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Shinji","family":"Hagiwara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan"},{"name":"Hagiwara Clinic, Tokyo 2030001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0513-4433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohito","family":"Gohda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip","family":"Kantharidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7196-0522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Okabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"},{"name":"Epigenetics in Human Health and Disease Program, Baker Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7920-269X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maki","family":"Murakoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo 1138421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.14789\/jmj.2019.65.JMJ19-R16","article-title":"Concept of diabetic kidney disease-paradigm shift from albuminuria-based to GFR-based kidney disease","volume":"65","author":"Gohda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Juntendo Med. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hung, P.H., Hsu, Y.C., Chen, T.H., and Lin, C.L. (2021). Recent advances in diabetic kidney diseases: From kidney injury to kidney fibrosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111857"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"431","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the progression of renal disease: A critical review","volume":"17","author":"Ibrahim","year":"1997","journal-title":"Semin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-7176.2011.00449.x","article-title":"Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in diabetes and hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Hsueh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e32832810ed","article-title":"Aldosterone-receptor antagonism in hypertension","volume":"27","author":"Jansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1159\/000095324","article-title":"Role of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system in the metabolic syndrome","volume":"151","author":"Engeli","year":"2006","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.07.034","article-title":"Acute and chronic regulation of aldosterone production","volume":"350","author":"Hattangady","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1065336","article-title":"New mechanisms to control aldosterone synthesis","volume":"40","author":"Willenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F1178","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00532.2009","article-title":"Direct fibrogenic effects of aldosterone on normotensive kidney: An effect modified by 11\u03b2-HSD activity","volume":"298","author":"Brem","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118867","article-title":"Role of aldosterone in the remnant kidney model in the rat","volume":"98","author":"Greene","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000086472.65806.73","article-title":"Aldosterone in chronic kidney and cardiac disease","volume":"14","author":"Hostetter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2007101079","article-title":"The aggravating mechanisms of aldosterone on kidney fibrosis","volume":"19","author":"Remuzzi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04488","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor activation and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist treatment in cardiac and renal diseases","volume":"65","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.06960712","article-title":"Determinants and changes associated with aldosterone breakthrough after angiotensin II receptor blockade in patients with type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy","volume":"8","author":"Moranne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07370713","article-title":"Aldosterone breakthrough during angiotensin receptor blocker use: More questions than answers?","volume":"8","author":"Navaneethan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_15","article-title":"Role of aldosterone in renal fibrosis","volume":"1165","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03231","article-title":"Aldosterone dysregulation with aging predicts renal vascular function and cardiovascular risk","volume":"63","author":"Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1073128","article-title":"Increased aldosterone levels in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"117","author":"Fredersdorf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes Off. J. Ger. Soc. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00965.x","article-title":"Mineralocorticoid receptor knockout mice: Lessons on Na+ metabolism","volume":"57","author":"Berger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2022.04.016","article-title":"Aldosterone, mineralocorticoid receptor activation, and CKD: A review of evolving treatment paradigms","volume":"80","author":"Epstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of finerenone on chronic kidney disease outcomes in Type 2 diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2252","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2110956","article-title":"Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and Type 2 diabetes","volume":"385","author":"Pitt","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022). 11. Chronic kidney disease and risk management: Standards of medical care in Diabetes-2022. Diabetes Care, 45, S175\u2013S184.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S011"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173783","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/173783","article-title":"MicroRNA in diabetic nephropathy: Renin angiotensin, aGE\/RAGE, and oxidative stress pathway","volume":"2013","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.385","article-title":"Dicer regulates the development of nephrogenic and ureteric compartments in the mammalian kidney","volume":"79","author":"Nagalakshmi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062039","article-title":"A role for the RNase III enzyme DCR-1 in RNA interference and germ line development in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"293","author":"Knight","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdf476","article-title":"MicroRNA maturation: Stepwise processing and subcellular localization","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2018-00064","article-title":"MicroRNA as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in diabetic kidney disease: An update","volume":"1","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB Bioadvances"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F931","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00523.2015","article-title":"MicroRNAs as novel therapeutic targets to treat kidney injury and fibrosis","volume":"310","author":"Gomez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250100000","article-title":"Interaction of metabolic and haemodynamic factors in mediating experimental diabetic nephropathy","volume":"44","author":"Cooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587689","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.587689","article-title":"Potential targeting of renal fibrosis in diabetic kidney disease using microRNAs","volume":"11","author":"Sakuma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2009111186","article-title":"Regulation of WNK1 expression by miR-192 and aldosterone","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.102201.141218","article-title":"Biochemistry of na,K-ATPase","volume":"71","author":"Kaplan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010090927","article-title":"MicroRNA 802 stimulates ROMK channels by suppressing caveolin-1","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F53","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00349.2013","article-title":"MicroRNA-194 (miR-194) regulates ROMK channel activity by targeting intersectin 1","volume":"306","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.00002","article-title":"Regulation of 11\u03b2-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 by microRNA","volume":"64","author":"Rezaei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M608939200","article-title":"An E2F\/miR-20a autoregulatory feedback loop","volume":"282","author":"Sylvestre","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14339","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0912701107","article-title":"Identification of a microRNA signature of renal ischemia reperfusion injury","volume":"107","author":"Godwin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25599","article-title":"A microRNA cluster miR-23-24-27 is upregulated by aldosterone in the distal kidney nephron where it alters sodium transport","volume":"232","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.113.01102","article-title":"MicroRNA-24 is a novel regulator of aldosterone and cortisol production in the human adrenal cortex","volume":"62","author":"Robertson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719109351935","article-title":"Brain renin-angiotensin system: Fetal epigenetic programming by maternal protein restriction during pregnancy","volume":"17","author":"Goyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F329","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00358.2017","article-title":"miR-34c-5p and CaMKII are involved in aldosterone-induced fibrosis in kidney collecting duct cells","volume":"314","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001101","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001101","article-title":"miR-196b-5p-enriched extracellular vesicles from tubular epithelial cells mediated aldosterone-induced renal fibrosis in mice with diabetes","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1456","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801151R","article-title":"MicroRNA-766 promotes cancer progression by targeting NR3C2 in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayakawa, K., Kawasaki, M., Hirai, T., Yoshida, Y., Tsushima, H., Fujishiro, M., Ikeda, K., Morimoto, S., Takamori, K., and Sekigawa, I. (2019). MicroRNA-766-3p contributes to anti-inflammatory responses through the indirect inhibition of NF-\u03baB signaling. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040809"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11714","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902254RR","article-title":"Aldosterone-induced microRNAs act as feedback regulators of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in kidney epithelia","volume":"34","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1948","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2009-0095","article-title":"Osmotic stress regulates mineralocorticoid receptor expression in a novel aldosterone-sensitive cortical collecting duct cell line","volume":"23","author":"Viengchareun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vu, T.A., Lema, I., Hani, I., Cheval, L., Atger-Lallier, L., Souvannarath, V., Perrot, J., Souvanheuane, M., Marie, Y., and Fabrega, S. (2022). miR-324-5p and miR-30c-2-3p alter renal mineralocorticoid receptor signaling under hypertonicity. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11091377"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.539122","article-title":"Increased expression of mineralocorticoid effector mechanisms in kidney biopsies of patients with heavy proteinuria","volume":"112","author":"Quinkler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4414","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2008-1498","article-title":"Low renal mineralocorticoid receptor expression at birth contributes to partial aldosterone resistance in neonates","volume":"150","author":"Martinerie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.144428","article-title":"Renal medullary microRNAs in Dahl salt-sensitive rats: miR-29b regulates several collagens and related genes","volume":"55","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2014.1935","article-title":"Role of microRNA-29b in angiotensin II-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in renal tubular epithelial cells","volume":"34","author":"Pan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2011.09.028","article-title":"A long noncoding RNA controls muscle differentiation by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA","volume":"147","author":"Cesana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16395","article-title":"Long noncoding RNA Tug1 promotes angiotensin II-induced renal fibrosis by binding to mineralocorticoid receptor and negatively regulating MicroR-29b-3p","volume":"78","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3109\/10799893.2014.896382","article-title":"Role of miR-21 and its signaling pathways in renal diseases","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010111168","article-title":"Smad3-mediated upregulation of miR-21 promotes renal fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Zhong","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00556.x","article-title":"miR-21: A small multi-faceted RNA","volume":"13","author":"Krichevsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfs210","article-title":"Expression, circulation, and excretion profile of microRNA-21, \u2212155, and -18a following acute kidney injury","volume":"129","author":"Saikumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-013-0492-8","article-title":"Regulation of TIMP3 in diabetic nephropathy: A role for microRNAs","volume":"50","author":"Fiorentino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F793","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00273.2011","article-title":"Identification of a microRNA signature in renal fibrosis: Role of miR-21","volume":"301","author":"Zarjou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20150427","article-title":"miR-21 promotes renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy by targeting PTEN and SMAD7","volume":"129","author":"McClelland","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17737","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-18175-3","article-title":"Urinary miR-21 as a potential biomarker of hypertensive kidney injury and fibrosis","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1229","article-title":"MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in human cancers","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gt.3302654","article-title":"Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides (AMOs): Ammunition to target miRNAs implicated in human disease?","volume":"13","author":"Weiler","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.202","article-title":"MicroRNAs in kidney physiology and disease","volume":"11","author":"Trionfini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1038\/gt.2011.100","article-title":"Chemical modification and design of anti-miRNA oligonucleotides","volume":"18","author":"Lennox","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1021\/bc800278e","article-title":"siRNA conjugate delivery systems","volume":"20","author":"Jeong","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nayerossadat, N., Maedeh, T., and Ali, P.A. (2012). Viral and nonviral delivery systems for gene delivery. Adv. Biomed. Res., 1.","DOI":"10.4103\/2277-9175.98152"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2826","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00148","article-title":"Nanochemistry and nanomedicine for nanoparticle-based diagnostics and therapy","volume":"116","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201208082","article-title":"Discovering the first microRNA-targeted drug","volume":"199","author":"Lindow","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2011.04.045","article-title":"Molecular dynamics simulations of DNA\/PEI complexes: Effect of PEI branching and protonation state","volume":"100","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, P.T.B., Clark, I.M., and Le, L.T.T. (2022). MicroRNA-based diagnosis and therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137167"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31715-9","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and antiviral effect of RG-101 in patients with chronic hepatitis C: A phase 1B, double-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"389","author":"Stelma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI75852","article-title":"Anti-microRNA-21 oligonucleotides prevent Alport nephropathy progression by stimulating metabolic pathways","volume":"125","author":"Gomez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"114","article-title":"How close are miRNAs from clinical practice? A perspective on the diagnostic and therapeutic market","volume":"30","author":"Bonneau","year":"2019","journal-title":"EJIFCC"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12681","article-title":"MicroRNAs in metabolism","volume":"219","author":"Vienberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.11.007","article-title":"A MicroRNA-29 mimic (Remlarsen) represses extracellular matrix expression and fibroplasia in the skin","volume":"139","author":"Piper","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2016-0740","article-title":"Non-coding RNAs: The cancer genome dark matter that matters!","volume":"55","author":"Ling","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15547","article-title":"Cobomarsen, an oligonucleotide inhibitor of miR-155, co-ordinately regulates multiple survival pathways to reduce cellular proliferation and survival in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma","volume":"183","author":"Seto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10112","article-title":"MicroRNAs 103 and 107 regulate insulin sensitivity","volume":"474","author":"Trajkovski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1386","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30621-6","article-title":"Safety and activity of microRNA-loaded minicells in patients with recurrent malignant pleural mesothelioma: A first-in-man, phase 1, open-label, dose-escalation study","volume":"18","author":"Pavlakis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2020.12.019","article-title":"Specific and selective induction of miR-124 in immune cells by the quinoline ABX464: A transformative therapy for inflammatory diseases","volume":"26","author":"Tazi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt412","article-title":"Restoring expression of miR-16: A novel approach to therapy for malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"24","author":"Reid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30414-5","article-title":"Small molecule oral targeted therapies in ulcerative colitis","volume":"5","author":"Shivaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S014","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy222.020","article-title":"OP21 ABX464 is safe and efficacious in a proof-of-concept study in ulcerative colitis patients","volume":"13","author":"Vermeire","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1089\/genedge.4.1.10","article-title":"Inflection point: Abivax challenges pharma giants in ulcerative colitis","volume":"4","author":"Philippidis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gen. Edge"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/869\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:43:47Z","timestamp":1760103827000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/869"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25020869"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25020869","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]]}}}