{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T12:49:33Z","timestamp":1790599773272,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,10]],"date-time":"2024-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-10-2021-113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-10-2021-113"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>mRNA vaccines have been shown to be effective in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. The amount of research on the use of mRNAs as preventive and therapeutic modalities has undergone explosive growth in the last few years. Nonetheless, the issue of the stability of mRNA molecules and their translation efficiency remains incompletely resolved. These characteristics of mRNA directly affect the expression level of a desired protein. Regulatory elements of RNA\u20145\u2032 and 3\u2032 untranslated regions (UTRs)\u2014are responsible for translation efficiency. An optimal combination of the regulatory sequences allows mRNA to significantly increase the target protein\u2019s expression. We assessed the translation efficiency of mRNA encoding of firefly luciferase with various 5\u2032 and 3\u2032UTRs in vitro on cell lines DC2.4 and THP1. We found that mRNAs containing 5\u2032UTR sequences from eukaryotic genes HBB, HSPA1A, Rabb, or H4C2, or from the adenoviral leader sequence TPL, resulted in higher levels of luciferase bioluminescence 4 h after transfection of DC2.4 cells as compared with 5\u2032UTR sequences used in vaccines mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 from Moderna and BioNTech. mRNA containing TPL as the 5\u2032UTR also showed higher efficiency (as compared with the 5\u2032UTR from Moderna) at generating a T-cell response in mice immunized with mRNA vaccines encoding a multiepitope antigen. By contrast, no effects of various 5\u2032UTRs and 3\u2032UTRs were detectable in THP1 cells, suggesting that the observed effects are cell type specific. Further analyses enabled us to identify potential cell type-specific RNA-binding proteins that differ in landing sites within mRNAs with various 5\u2032UTRs and 3\u2032UTRs. Taken together, our data indicate high translation efficiency of TPL as a 5\u2032UTR, according to experiments on DC2.4 cells and C57BL\/6 mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T05:24:12Z","timestamp":1704950652000},"page":"888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Untranslated Region Sequences and the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines against Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2932-0804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliy","family":"Reshetnikov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4459-0781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilya","family":"Terenin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"},{"name":"Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6854-7932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Galina","family":"Shepelkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, 107564 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6608-7557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Yeremeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, 107564 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9259-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Semyon","family":"Kolmykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxim","family":"Nagornykh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Kolosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3393-3096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tatiana","family":"Sokolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Zaborova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4594-9941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Kukushkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Kazakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry","family":"Kunyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-6379-084X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kirshina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Vasileva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Seregina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ildus","family":"Pateev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fedor","family":"Kolpakov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Research Center, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, 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