{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:32:15Z","timestamp":1793046735296,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":189,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1062671"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1062671"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) has a prevalence of 0.16\u20130.34% and an incidence of 7.6 per 100,000 person-years, accounting for 1\u20132% of all deaths in Western countries. Currently, no effective pharmacological therapies have been identified to slow TAA development and prevent TAA rupture. Large TAAs are treated with open surgical repair and less invasive thoracic endovascular aortic repair, both of which have high perioperative mortality risk. Therefore, there is an urgent medical need to identify the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying TAA development and rupture to develop new therapies. In this review, we summarize animal TAA models including recent developments in porcine and zebrafish models: porcine models can assess new therapeutic devices or intervention strategies in a large mammal and zebrafish models can employ large-scale small-molecule suppressor screening in microwells. The second part of the review covers current views of TAA pathogenesis, derived from recent studies using these animal models, with a focus on the roles of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF\u03b2) pathway and the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC)-elastin-contractile unit. The last part discusses TAA treatment options as they emerge from recent preclinical studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020901","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T06:52:14Z","timestamp":1704955934000},"page":"901","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Animal Models, Pathogenesis, and Potential Treatment of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6264-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Indu S.","family":"Panicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Anesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Sargisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Atchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Life Science, Institute of Innovation, Science and Sustainability, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2901-3027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas J. R.","family":"Habenicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen (LMU), 80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e266","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181d47d48","article-title":"2010 ACCF\/AHA\/AATS\/ACR\/ASA\/SCA\/SCAI\/SIR\/STS\/SVM guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with Thoracic Aortic Disease: A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation\/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American College of Radiology, American Stroke Association, Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and Society for Vascular Medicine","volume":"121","author":"Hiratzka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313186","article-title":"Open and Endovascular Management of Aortic Aneurysms","volume":"124","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. 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