{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T01:23:20Z","timestamp":1788830600398,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Asociaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica La-Mancha Centro"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, progressive, type 2 inflammatory disease with increasing global prevalence. An eosinophil-predominant inflammation that permeates the epithelium and deeper esophageal layers characterizes the disease. Several cytokines, mainly derived from inflammatory T-helper 2 (Th2) cells and epithelial cells, are involved in perpetuating inflammatory responses by increasing surface permeability and promoting tissue remodeling characterized by epithelial\u2013mesenchymal transition (EMT) and collagen deposition. This leads to esophageal strictures and narrow caliber esophagi, which are proportional a patient\u2019s age and untreated disease length. Pathophysiological mechanisms leading to EoE have been described in recent years, and transforming growth factor beta (TGF)-beta have been involved in fibrotic phenomena in EoE. However, evidence on the dependence of these phenomena on TGF-beta is scarce and contradictory. This review provides state-of-the art knowledge on intimate mechanisms of esophageal fibrosis in EoE and its clinical consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]],"date-time":"2024-01-11T06:52:14Z","timestamp":1704955934000},"page":"927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Fibrous Remodeling in Eosinophilic Esophagitis: Clinical Facts and Pathophysiological Uncertainties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2132-9350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Arias-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socu\u00e9llamos s\/n, 13700 Tomelloso, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7394-8967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leticia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Alcolado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socu\u00e9llamos s\/n, 13700 Tomelloso, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9039-7667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio J.","family":"Laserna-Mendieta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socu\u00e9llamos s\/n, 13700 Tomelloso, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socu\u00e9llamos s\/n, 13700 Tomelloso, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1183-1072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo J.","family":"Lucendo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socu\u00e9llamos s\/n, 13700 Tomelloso, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-9978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Grueso-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Vereda de Socu\u00e9llamos s\/n, 13700 Tomelloso, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45071 Toledo, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640616689525","article-title":"Guidelines on eosinophilic esophagitis: Evidence-based statements and recommendations for diagnosis and management in children and adults","volume":"5","author":"Lucendo","year":"2017","journal-title":"United Eur. 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