{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:55:43Z","timestamp":1780520143759,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]],"date-time":"2024-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/41\/N\/NZ9\/00838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/41\/N\/NZ9\/00838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adequate calcium intake is crucial for the prevention and treatment of bone-related issues. Developing a nutritional source of readily bioavailable calcium is particularly significant for individuals deficient in this essential element and at risk of developing osteoporosis. This research aimed to evaluate the impact of tempeh (T), daidzein (D), and Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) within a simulated intestinal environment consisting of Caco-2 epithelial and Saos-2 cells, focusing on their implications for bone mineralization mechanisms. In the initial phase, calcium bioaccessibility from calcium citrate (CaCt), LA, D, the daidzein combination D\u2013CaCt\u2013LA (D1:1:1), and the tempeh combination T\u2013CaCt\u2013LA (T1:1:1) was assessed through digestion simulation. The calcium content of both untreated and digested samples was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). In the subsequent stage, the digested samples were used to induce intestinal absorption in differentiated enterocyte-like Caco-2 cells. The permeable fractions were then evaluated in a culture of osteoblast-like Saos-2 cells. Preliminary cellular experiments employed the MTT assay to assess cytotoxicity. The results indicated that the analyzed products did not influence the deposition of extracellular calcium in Saos-2 cells cultured without mineralization stimulators. The combined formulations of permeable fractions of digested CaCt, LA, D, and T demonstrated the capacity to enhance the proliferation of Saos-2 cells. In Saos-2 cells, D, D1:1:1, and LA showed no discernible impact on intracellular calcium accumulation, whereas T and T1:1:1 reduced the calcium deposits. Additionally, mRNA transcripts and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity levels in Saos-2 cells cultured without mineralization induction were unaffected by the analyzed products. An examination of the products revealed no discernible effect on ALP activity or mRNA expression during Saos-2 cell differentiation. Our findings suggest that tempeh, daidzein, and L. acidophilus did not positively impact cellular calcium deposition in Saos-2 cells. However, tempeh, daidzein and its combination, and L. acidophilus might enhance the process of osteogenic differentiation in Saos-2 cells. Nevertheless, this study did not identify any synergistic impact on calcium deposition and the process of osteogenic differentiation in Saos-2 cells of isoflavones and probiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:03:26Z","timestamp":1705291406000},"page":"1008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Effects of Daidzein, Tempeh, and a Probiotic Digested in an Artificial Gastrointestinal Tract on Calcium Deposition in Human Osteoblast-like Saos-2 Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4914-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iskandar Azmy","family":"Harahap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4385-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Olejnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7706-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0937-8427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Suliburska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, 60-624 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.03.017","article-title":"Osteoporosis and trace elements\u2014An overview","volume":"26","author":"Aaseth","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.5152\/eurjrheum.2016.048","article-title":"An overview and management of osteoporosis","volume":"4","author":"Sozen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.20603","article-title":"Buried alive: How osteoblasts become osteocytes","volume":"235","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.12659\/MSMBR.901142","article-title":"Osteoblast Differentiation at a Glance","volume":"22","author":"Rutkovskiy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit. Basic Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Liu, X., and Ma, P.X. (2010). Biomineralization and Bone Regeneration, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381422-7.10040-9"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1097\/BCO.0b013e3282630851","article-title":"The role of alkaline phosphatase in mineralization","volume":"18","author":"Golub","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12724","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c07225","article-title":"Alkaline Phosphatase Activity of Serum Affects Osteogenic Differentiation Cultures","volume":"7","author":"Ansari","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09520-0","article-title":"Calcium citrate: From biochemistry and physiology to clinical applications","volume":"20","author":"Palermo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4704-5","article-title":"European guidance for the diagnosis and management of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women","volume":"30","author":"Kanis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03256927","article-title":"Calcium citrate and vitamin D in the treatment of osteoporosis","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harahap, I.A., and Suliburska, J. (2021). Probiotics and Isoflavones as a Promising Therapeutic for Calcium Status and Bone Health: A Narrative Review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10112685"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bonr.2018.02.001","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus inhibits bone loss and increases bone heterogeneity in osteoporotic mice via modulating Treg-Th17 cell balance","volume":"8","author":"Dar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bone Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"27","article-title":"Isoflavone composition, polyphenols content and antioxidative activity of soybean seeds during tempeh fermentation","volume":"15","author":"Kuligowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"CyTA J. Food"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.03.549","article-title":"An overview of dietary isoflavones on bone health: The association between calcium bioavailability and gut microbiota modulation","volume":"63","author":"Harahap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2623","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2623","article-title":"Equol, a metabolite of daidzein, inhibits bone loss in ovariectomized mice","volume":"134","author":"Fujioka","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1007\/s004240050400","article-title":"Paracellular calcium transport across Caco-2 and HT29 cell monolayers","volume":"434","author":"Blais","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcg. Arch. Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.18632\/genesandcancer.133","article-title":"Genetically transforming human osteoblasts to sarcoma: Development of an osteosarcoma model","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Cancer"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-010-9408-6","article-title":"Osteogenic Potential of Biosilica on Human Osteoblast-Like (SaOS-2) Cells","volume":"87","author":"Wiens","year":"2010","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.03.007","article-title":"Inorganic polymeric phosphate\/polyphosphate as an inducer of alkaline phosphatase and a modulator of intracellular Ca2+ level in osteoblasts (SaOS-2 cells) in vitro","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.60219","article-title":"Calcium from LactoCalciumTM milk mineral after digestion with pepsin stimulates mineralized bone nodule formation in human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells in vitro and may be rendered bioavailable in vivo","volume":"71","author":"Rao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.36256","article-title":"Intracellular pathway and subsequent transformation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in the SAOS-2 osteoblast cell line","volume":"106","author":"Rossi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1977","article-title":"Effect of dephytinization on bioavailability of iron, calcium and zinc from infant cereals assessed in the Caco-2 cell model","volume":"15","author":"Frontela","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.07.018","article-title":"Effect of processing and food matrix on calcium and phosphorous bioavailability from milk-based fruit beverages in Caco-2 cells","volume":"44","author":"Cilla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"22","article-title":"A Low Cost Nutritious Food \u201cTempeh\u201d\u2014A Review","volume":"4","author":"Babu","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Dairy Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2018.06.030","article-title":"Fortification of puffed rice extrudates and rice noodles with different calcium salts: Physicochemical properties and calcium bioaccessibility","volume":"97","author":"Janve","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-013-2407-9","article-title":"Current Knowledge in Soybean Composition","volume":"91","author":"Medic","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xian, P., Cai, Z., Cheng, Y., Lin, R., Lian, T., Ma, Q., and Nian, H. (2020). Wild soybean oxalyl-coa synthetase degrades oxalate and affects the tolerance to cadmium and aluminum stresses. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228869"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2015.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of dietary fiber of Brazilian soybean (Glycine max) using near-infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics","volume":"64","author":"Ferreira","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5935","DOI":"10.1021\/jf201593n","article-title":"Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Activity in Seed Coats of 60 Chinese Black Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) Varieties","volume":"59","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.126373","article-title":"Quantitative NIR determination of isoflavone and saponin content of ground soybeans","volume":"317","author":"Berhow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-020-0020-5","article-title":"Plant food anti-nutritional factors and their reduction strategies: An overview","volume":"2","author":"Samtiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Prod. Process. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuy028","article-title":"Implications of phytate in plant-based foods for iron and zinc bioavailability, setting dietary requirements, and formulating programs and policies","volume":"76","author":"Gibson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"437381","article-title":"Isoflavones reduce copper with minimal impact on iron in vitro","volume":"201","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109624","article-title":"Enzymatic pretreatment in the extraction process of soybean to improve protein and isoflavone recovery and to favor aglycone formation","volume":"137","author":"Penha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2021.1931300","article-title":"Impact of Fermentation on Antinutritional Factors and Protein Degradation of Legume Seeds: A Review","volume":"39","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2006.05.005","article-title":"Reduction of phytate content while preserving minerals during whole grain cereal tempe fermentation","volume":"44","author":"Sandberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0963-9969(94)90096-5","article-title":"Reduction in antinutritional and toxic components in plant foods by fermentation","volume":"27","author":"Reddy","year":"1994","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2621.2002.00618.x","article-title":"Minerals and phytic acid interactions: Is it a real problem for human nutrition?","volume":"37","author":"Lopez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bertinato, J., Griffin, P., Huliganga, E., Matias, F.M.G., Dam, D., and Brooks, S.P.J. (2020). Calcium exacerbates the inhibitory effects of phytic acid on zinc bioavailability in rats. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2020.126643"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(00)00109-1","article-title":"Fructooligosaccharides enhance mineral apparent absorption and counteract the deleterious effects of phytic acid on mineral homeostasis in rats","volume":"11","author":"Lopez","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2015.07.054","article-title":"Soybean isoflavone treatment induces osteoblast differentiation and proliferation by regulating analysis of Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathway","volume":"573","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04572-6","article-title":"Isoflavone-enriched whole soy milk powder stimulates osteoblast differentiation","volume":"58","author":"Jagga","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceca.2005.06.011","article-title":"Mitochondria and calcium signaling","volume":"38","author":"Nicholls","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Calcium"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-012-4675-y","article-title":"Beneficial effects of phytoestrogens and their metabolites produced by intestinal microflora on bone health","volume":"97","author":"Chiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"S401","article-title":"Phytoestrogens and the intestinal microbiome","volume":"67","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2022.123658","article-title":"Fast and sensitive near-infrared ratiometric fluorescent probe with a self-immolative spacer for imaging of endogenous alkaline phosphatase activity in cells and in vivo","volume":"249","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pacheco-Pantoja, E.L., Ranganath, L.R., Gallagher, J.A., Wilson, P.J., and Fraser, W.D. (2011). Receptors and effects of gut hormones in three osteoblastic cell lines. BMC Physiol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6793-11-12"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0b013e3181efa8fe","article-title":"The effect of bone morphogenetic protein-2, bone morphogenetic protein-7, parathyroid hormone, and platelet-derived growth factor on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells derived from osteoporotic bone","volume":"24","author":"Pountos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.24196","article-title":"Silicate modulates the cross-talk between osteoblasts (SaOS-2) and osteoclasts (RAW 264.7 cells): Inhibition of osteoclast growth and differentiation","volume":"113","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2020.0010","article-title":"Black Tea Exhibits a Dose-Dependent Response in Saos-2 Cell Mineralization","volume":"23","author":"Cleverdon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2020.144855","article-title":"Alkaline phosphatase: Structure, expression and its function in bone mineralization","volume":"754","author":"Vimalraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2021.05.003","article-title":"Overview of the latest developments in the role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in shrimp aquaculture","volume":"114","author":"Butt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-021-02442-8","article-title":"Antibiotic Resistance Crisis: An Update on Antagonistic Interactions between Probiotics and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)","volume":"78","author":"Nataraj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6324","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3571","article-title":"Effects of isoflavone and probiotic intake on calcium transport and bone metabolism biomarkers in female rats","volume":"11","author":"Harahap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e16801","article-title":"Isoflavones and probiotics effect on bone calcium and bone cells in rats","volume":"9","author":"Harahap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"223","article-title":"Impact of Isoflavones and Lactobacillus Acidophilus on The Fecal Microbiology Status in Healthy Female Rats","volume":"21","author":"Harahap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Pol. Technol. Aliment."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109201","article-title":"Probiotic Lactobacillus strains from Mongolia improve calcium transport and uptake by intestinal cells in vitro","volume":"133","author":"Raveschot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nfs.2016.03.001","article-title":"Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on mineral metabolism in ovariectomized rats\u2014Impact of bacterial mass, intestinal absorptive area and reduction of bone turn-over","volume":"3","author":"Adolphi","year":"2016","journal-title":"NFS J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CMWH.S1034","DOI":"10.4137\/CMWH.S1034","article-title":"Improvement of Bone-Sparing Effect of Soy Isoflavones by Pre- and Probiotics in Postmenopausal women","volume":"1","author":"Mathey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2018.05.012","article-title":"Toxicity and non-harmful effects of the soya isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in embryos of the zebrafish, Danio rerio","volume":"211","author":"Sarasquete","year":"2018","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7852","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, and formulations of daidzein: An important isoflavone","volume":"37","author":"Laddha","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phyther. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0535-5","article-title":"Evaluation of the content and bioaccessibility of iron, zinc, calcium and magnesium from groats, rice, leguminous grains and nuts","volume":"51","author":"Suliburska","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focha.2023.100269","article-title":"The impact of soybean products and probiotics on calcium bioaccessibility from organic and inorganic calcium salts in an in vitro digestion model","volume":"2","author":"Harahap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-060721-012235","article-title":"Applications of the INFOGEST In Vitro Digestion Model to Foods: A Review","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0119-1","article-title":"INFOGEST static in vitro simulation of gastrointestinal food digestion","volume":"14","author":"Brodkorb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO01293A","article-title":"A standardised semi-dynamic: In vitro digestion method suitable for food-an international consensus","volume":"11","author":"Egger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901006","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.901006","article-title":"Fat Oxidation of Fatty Fish vs. Meat Meal Diets Under in vitro Standardized Semi-Dynamic Gastric Digestion","volume":"9","author":"Harahap","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2017.0400","article-title":"Live Quantitative Monitoring of Mineral Deposition in Stem Cells Using Tetracycline Hydrochloride","volume":"24","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kowalska, K., Dembczy\u0144ski, R., Go\u0142\u0105bek, A., Olkowicz, M., and Olejnik, A. (2021). ROS Modulating Effects of Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.) Polyphenols on Obese Adipocyte Hypertrophy and Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030885"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/1008\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:46:10Z","timestamp":1760103970000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/1008"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25021008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25021008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,13]]}}}