{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:48:49Z","timestamp":1787028529089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chang Gung memorial hospital research fund","award":["CMRPD1M0421-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1M0421-2"]}]},{"name":"Chang Gung memorial hospital research fund","award":["CMRPD1M0851"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1M0851"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arteries associated with alterations in lipid and other metabolism and is a major cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). LDL consists of several subclasses with different sizes, densities, and physicochemical compositions. Small dense LDL (sd-LDL) is a subclass of LDL. There is growing evidence that sd-LDL-C is associated with CVD risk, metabolic dysregulation, and several pathophysiological processes. In this study, we present a straightforward membrane device filtration method that can be performed with simple laboratory methods to directly determine sd-LDL in serum without the need for specialized equipment. The method consists of three steps: first, the precipitation of lipoproteins with magnesium harpin; second, the collection of effluent from a 100 nm filter; and third, the quantification of sd-LDL-ApoB in the effluent with an SH-SAW biosensor. There was a good correlation between ApoB values obtained using the centrifugation (y = 1.0411x + 12.96, r = 0.82, n = 20) and filtration (y = 1.0633x + 15.13, r = 0.88, n = 20) methods and commercially available sd-LDL-C assay values. In addition to the filtrate method, there was also a close correlation between sd-LDL-C and ELISA assay values (y = 1.0483x \u2212 4489, r = 0.88, n = 20). The filtration treatment method also showed a high correlation with LDL subfractions and NMR spectra ApoB measurements (y = 2.4846x + 4.637, r = 0.89, n = 20). The presence of sd-LDL-ApoB in the effluent was also confirmed by ELISA assay. These results suggest that this filtration method is a simple and promising pretreatment for use with the SH-SAW biosensor as a rapid in vitro diagnostic (IVD) method for predicting sd-LDL concentrations. Overall, we propose a very sensitive and specific SH-SAW biosensor with the ApoB antibody in its sensitive region to monitor sd-LDL levels by employing a simple delay-time phase shifted SH-SAW device. In conclusion, based on the demonstration of our study, the SH-SAW biosensor could be a strong candidate for the future measurement of sd-LDL.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]],"date-time":"2024-01-15T04:03:26Z","timestamp":1705291406000},"page":"1044","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["New Advances in Rapid Pretreatment for Small Dense LDL Cholesterol Measurement Using Shear Horizontal Surface Acoustic Wave (SH-SAW) Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Tai-Hua","family":"Chou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Industry Master and PhD Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4684-8755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chia-Hsuan","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 3-5-1 Johoku, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu-shi 432-8561, Japan"},{"name":"tst Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 324403, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4439-8033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi-Jen","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Clinical Metabolomics Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8124-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guang-Huar","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Industry Master and PhD Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szu-Heng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Industry Master and PhD Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"tst Biomedical Electronics Co., Ltd., Taoyuan 324403, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1322-3890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert Y-L","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Industry Master and PhD Program, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial and Children\u2019s Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"},{"name":"Kidney Research Center and Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61851-0","article-title":"Inequalities in non-communicable diseases and effective responses","volume":"381","author":"Khang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-020-01015-6","article-title":"Association of small dense low-density lipoprotein with cardiovascular outcome in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes: A prospective, observational cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. 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