{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:57:16Z","timestamp":1787065036871,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JPND-NIH cooperation programme-2018"},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health, Italy (Ricerca Corrente)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accumulation of protein aggregates defines distinct, yet overlapping pathologies such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and frontotemporal dementia (FTD). In this study, we investigated ATG5, UBQLN2, ULK1, and LC3 concentrations in 66 brain specimens and 120 plasma samples from AD, DLB, FTD, and control subjects (CTRL). Protein concentration was measured with ELISA kits in temporal, frontal, and occipital cortex specimens of 32 AD, 10 DLB, 10 FTD, and 14 CTRL, and in plasma samples of 30 AD, 30 DLB, 30 FTD, and 30 CTRL. We found alterations in ATG5, UBQLN2, ULK1, and LC3 levels in patients; ATG5 and UBQLN2 levels were decreased in both brain specimens and plasma samples of patients compared to those of the CTRL, while LC3 levels were increased in the frontal cortex of DLB and FTD patients. In this study, we demonstrate alterations in different steps related to ATG5, UBQLN2, and LC3 autophagy pathways in DLB and FTD patients. Molecular alterations in the autophagic processes could play a role in a shared pathway involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration, supporting the hypothesis of a common molecular mechanism underlying major neurodegenerative dementias and suggesting different potential therapeutic targets in the autophagy pathway for these disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T04:16:56Z","timestamp":1705465016000},"page":"1125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Autophagy Markers Are Altered in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Frontotemporal Dementia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8292-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Longobardi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0370-1905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcella","family":"Catania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology 5\/Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0041-4142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Geviti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service of Statistics, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroalgology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Data Science Center, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena Rita","family":"Vecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology 5\/Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6162-252X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Bellini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8618-4282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Saraceno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6621-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roland","family":"Nicsanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5624-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosanna","family":"Squitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze di Laboratorio, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Binetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MAC-Memory Clinic and Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3537-6713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Di Fede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology 5\/Neuropathology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7691-1957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Ghidoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, 25125 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3050","article-title":"Protein Aggregation Diseases: Pathogenicity and Therapeutic Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Aguzzi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64700-1","article-title":"Intraneuronal Abeta42 Accumulation in Human Brain","volume":"156","author":"Gouras","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.1121","article-title":"Neurodegenerative Tauopathies","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms10030724","article-title":"Molecular Pathology of Lewy Body Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Beyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhong, X., Hou, L., Luo, X., Shi, H., Hu, G., He, H., Chen, X., Zheng, D., Zhang, Y., and Tan, Y. (2013). Alterations of CSF Cystatin C Levels and their Correlations with CSF A\u03b240 and A\u03b242 Levels in Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Dementia with Lewy Bodies and the Atrophic Form of General Paresis. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0055328"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13588","article-title":"Molecular Neuropathology of Frontotemporal Dementia: Insights into Disease Mechanisms from Postmortem Studies","volume":"138","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12526","article-title":"Review: Neuropathology of Non-Tau Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration","volume":"45","author":"Neumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.117","article-title":"Degradation of Misfolded Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Therapeutic Targets and Strategies","volume":"47","author":"Ciechanover","year":"2015","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00049","article-title":"Influence of Normal Aging on Brain Autophagy: A Complex Scenario","volume":"11","author":"Loeffler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201796697","article-title":"Molecular Definitions of Autophagy and Related Processes","volume":"36","author":"Galluzzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"393","article-title":"Targeting Specific Proteins for Lysosomal Proteolysis","volume":"50","author":"Olson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biomed. Biochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between the Proteasomal System and Autophagy","volume":"4","author":"Lilienbaum","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3232","article-title":"The Role of Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"19","author":"Nixon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finkbeiner, S. (2020). The Autophagy Lysosomal Pathway and Neurodegeneration. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a033993"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2018.04.009","article-title":"Autophagy and Lysosomal Pathways in Nervous System Disorders","volume":"91","author":"Bingol","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benussi, L., Longobardi, A., Kocoglu, C., Carrara, M., Bellini, S., Ferrari, C., Nicsanu, R., Saraceno, C., Bonvicini, C., and Fostinelli, S. (2021). Investigating the Endo-Lysosomal System in Major Neurocognitive Disorders due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Lewy Body Disease: Evidence for SORL1 as a Cross-Disease Gene. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222413633"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-157-4_4","article-title":"LC3 and Autophagy","volume":"445","author":"Tanida","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, P.H., and Oliver, D.M. (2019). Amyloid Beta and Phosphorylated Tau-Induced Defective Autophagy and Mitophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8050488"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2019.05.056","article-title":"LC3-Associated Endocytosis Facilitates \u0392-Amyloid Clearance and Mitigates Neurodegeneration in Murine Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"178","author":"Heckmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1006-1045","article-title":"Atg5: More than an Autophagy Factor","volume":"8","author":"Codogno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3740","article-title":"ATG5: A Central Autophagy Regulator Implicated in various Human Diseases","volume":"40","author":"Changotra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0682-y","article-title":"ATG5 Overexpression is Neuroprotective and Attenuates Cytoskeletal and Vesicle-Trafficking Alterations in Axotomized Motoneurons","volume":"9","author":"Bosch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.23323","article-title":"The ULK1 Complex: Sensing Nutrient Signals for Autophagy Activation","volume":"9","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e08-12-1248","article-title":"Nutrient-Dependent mTORC1 Association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 Complex Required for Autophagy","volume":"20","author":"Hosokawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-019-0342-4","article-title":"Autophagy Protein NRBF2 has Reduced Expression in Alzheimer\u2019s Brains and Modulates Memory and Amyloid-Beta Homeostasis in Mice","volume":"14","author":"Lachance","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.07.001","article-title":"UBQLN2 Mediates Autophagy-Independent Protein Aggregate Clearance by the Proteasome","volume":"166","author":"Hjerpe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-019-0758-7","article-title":"Key Role of UBQLN2 in Pathogenesis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia","volume":"7","author":"Renaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2527.e3\u20132527.e10","article-title":"UBQLN2\/Ubiquilin 2 Mutation and Pathology in Familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2949.e13\u20132949.e17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.07.002","article-title":"Screening in ALS and FTD Patients Reveals 3 Novel UBQLN2 Mutations Outside the PXX Domain and a Pure FTD Phenotype","volume":"33","author":"Synofzik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303433","article-title":"Ubiquilin 2 Mutations in Italian Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia","volume":"84","author":"Gellera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuervo, A.M., and Dice, J.F. (1998). How do Intracellular Proteolytic Systems Change with Age?. Front. Biosci., 3.","DOI":"10.2741\/A264"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e55745","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.55745","article-title":"Lysosome Activity is Modulated by Multiple Longevity Pathways and is Important for Lifespan Extension in C. elegans","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/0047-6374(88)90001-2","article-title":"Decline in Protease Activities with Age in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"45","author":"Sarkis","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11654","article-title":"An Early Age Increase in Vacuolar pH Limits Mitochondrial Function and Lifespan in Yeast","volume":"492","author":"Hughes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1038\/embor.2011.260","article-title":"Loss of Autophagy in Hypothalamic POMC Neurons Impairs Lipolysis","volume":"13","author":"Kaushik","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14164","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009485107","article-title":"Genome-Wide Analysis Reveals Mechanisms Modulating Autophagy in Normal Brain Aging and in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"107","author":"Lipinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.5269","article-title":"Promoting Basal Levels of Autophagy in the Nervous System Enhances Longevity and Oxidant Resistance in Adult Drosophila","volume":"4","author":"Simonsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3300","article-title":"Overexpression of Atg5 in Mice Activates Autophagy and Extends Lifespan","volume":"4","author":"Pyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.08.006","article-title":"AMPK Modulates Tissue and Organismal Aging in a Non-Cell-Autonomous Manner","volume":"8","author":"Ulgherait","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2020.111193","article-title":"Age-Related Impairment of Autophagy in Cervical Motor Neurons","volume":"144","author":"Gransee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56614-5","article-title":"Autophagy and Mitophagy Biomarkers are Reduced in Sera of Patients with Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment","volume":"9","author":"Castellazzi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-021-01814-y","article-title":"Association of ATG5 Gene Polymorphism with Parkinson\u2019s Disease in a Han Chinese Population","volume":"122","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Belg."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crews, L., Spencer, B., Desplats, P., Patrick, C., Paulino, A., Rockenstein, E., Hansen, L., Adame, A., Galasko, D., and Masliah, E. (2010). Selective Molecular Alterations in the Autophagy Pathway in Patients with Lewy Body Disease and in Models of Alpha-Synucleinopathy. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009313"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4741","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41347-2","article-title":"Plasma ATG5 is Increased in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6132","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16129","article-title":"UBQLN Proteins in Health and Disease with a Focus on UBQLN2 in ALS\/FTD","volume":"289","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-012-0999-z","article-title":"Ubiquilin Immunoreactivity in Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Inclusions in Synucleinopathies, Polyglutamine Diseases and Intranuclear Inclusion Body Disease","volume":"124","author":"Mori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26899-0","article-title":"Ubiquilin-2 Regulates Pathological Alpha-Synuclein","volume":"13","author":"Gerson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N\u00f6lle, A., van Haastert, E.S., Zwart, R., Hoozemans, J.J.M., and Scheper, W. (2013). Ubiquilin 2 is Not Associated with Tau Pathology. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076598"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15230","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1917371117","article-title":"ALS\/FTD Mutations in UBQLN2 Impede Autophagy by Reducing Autophagosome Acidification through Loss of Function","volume":"117","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12297","article-title":"Alteration of Upstream Autophagy-Related Proteins (ULK1, ULK2, Beclin1, VPS34 and AMBRA1) in Lewy Body Disease","volume":"26","author":"Miki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Pathol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2009.080928","article-title":"Metabolic Activity Determines Efficacy of Macroautophagic Clearance of Pathological Oligomeric Alpha-Synuclein","volume":"175","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2019.1633862","article-title":"MAPT\/Tau Accumulation Represses Autophagy Flux by Disrupting IST1-Regulated ESCRT-III Complex Formation: A Vicious Cycle in Alzheimer Neurodegeneration","volume":"16","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2979","article-title":"Cargo Recognition and Trafficking in Selective Autophagy","volume":"16","author":"Stolz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.01.016","article-title":"Association between Atg5-Independent Alternative Autophagy and Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"432","author":"Honda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1101738","article-title":"Impaired Degradation of Mutant Alpha-Synuclein by Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy","volume":"305","author":"Cuervo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04724","article-title":"Suppression of Basal Autophagy in Neural Cells Causes Neurodegenerative Disease in Mice","volume":"441","author":"Hara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04723","article-title":"Loss of Autophagy in the Central Nervous System Causes Neurodegeneration in Mice","volume":"441","author":"Komatsu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.01.022","article-title":"Autophagy and Neurodegeneration: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"93","author":"Menzies","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq231","article-title":"Ubiquilin Functions in Autophagy and is Degraded by Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy","volume":"19","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08455","article-title":"Discovery of Atg5\/Atg7-Independent Alternative Macroautophagy","volume":"461","author":"Nishida","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.01.017","article-title":"The Different Autophagy Degradation Pathways and Neurodegeneration","volume":"110","author":"Fleming","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-022-00542-2","article-title":"The Mechanisms and Roles of Selective Autophagy in Mammals","volume":"24","author":"Vargas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2018.12.021","article-title":"Autophagy is Required for Memory Formation and Reverses Age-Related Memory Decline","volume":"29","author":"Glatigny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1775393","article-title":"Autophagy Coupled to Translation is Required for Long-Term Memory","volume":"17","author":"Pandey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1031","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013252","article-title":"Neuropathologic Correlates of Human Cortical Proteins in Alzheimer Disease and Related Dementias","volume":"98","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.03.005","article-title":"Moving Beyond Amyloid and Tau to Capture the Biological Heterogeneity of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2442","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207298","article-title":"Revealing Individual Neuroanatomical Heterogeneity in Alzheimer Disease using Neuroanatomical Normative Modeling","volume":"100","author":"Verdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.10.007","article-title":"National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association Guidelines for the Neuropathologic Assessment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Hyman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-007-0237-2","article-title":"Neuropathologic Diagnostic and Nosologic Criteria for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: Consensus of the Consortium for Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration","volume":"114","author":"Cairns","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004058","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Dementia with Lewy Bodies: Fourth Consensus Report of the DLB Consortium","volume":"89","author":"McKeith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939","article-title":"Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group Under the Auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"34","author":"McKhann","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005","article-title":"The Diagnosis of Dementia due to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association Workgroups on Diagnostic Guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"7","author":"McKhann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.47.5.1113","article-title":"Consensus Guidelines for the Clinical and Pathologic Diagnosis of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB): Report of the Consortium on DLB International Workshop","volume":"47","author":"McKeith","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.51.6.1546","article-title":"Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration: A Consensus on Clinical Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"51","author":"Neary","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2456","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr179","article-title":"Sensitivity of Revised Diagnostic Criteria for the Behavioural Variant of Frontotemporal Dementia","volume":"134","author":"Rascovsky","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Longobardi, A. (2023). Rawdata_Autophagy_brain_plasma, Zenodo. Available online: https:\/\/zenodo.org\/records\/10245596."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/1125\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:48:40Z","timestamp":1760104120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/1125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25021125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25021125","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]}}}