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Vascular injury occurs early following blast exposure. Indeed, in animal models that approximate human mild traumatic brain injury or subclinical blast exposure, vascular pathology can occur in the presence of a normal neuropil, suggesting that the vasculature is particularly vulnerable. Brain endothelial cells and their supporting glial and neuronal elements constitute a neurovascular unit (NVU). Blast injury disrupts gliovascular and neurovascular connections in addition to damaging endothelial cells, basal laminae, smooth muscle cells, and pericytes as well as causing extracellular matrix reorganization. Perivascular pathology becomes associated with phospho-tau accumulation and chronic perivascular inflammation. Disruption of the NVU should impact activity-dependent regulation of cerebral blood flow, blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, and glymphatic flow. Here, we review work in an animal model of low-level blast injury that we have been studying for over a decade. We review work supporting the NVU as a locus of low-level blast injury. We integrate our findings with those from other laboratories studying similar models that collectively suggest that damage to astrocytes and other perivascular cells as well as chronic immune activation play a role in the persistent neurobehavioral changes that follow blast injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T10:39:47Z","timestamp":1705487987000},"page":"1150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Neurovascular Unit as a Locus of Injury in Low-Level Blast-Induced Neurotrauma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gregory A.","family":"Elder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Mount Sinai Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miguel A.","family":"Gama Sosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"General Medical Research Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"De Gasperi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgina","family":"Perez Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gissel M.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rania","family":"Abutarboush","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Usmah","family":"Kawoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"},{"name":"The Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolyn W.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Research and Development Service, James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, Bronx, NY 10468, USA"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William G. M.","family":"Janssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, 480 Ray C Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3208-1154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick R.","family":"Hof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mount Sinai Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center and the Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Care, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"},{"name":"Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA 98195, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen T.","family":"Ahlers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurotrauma, Operational and Undersea Medicine Directorate, Naval Medical ResearchCommand, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134294","article-title":"Relationship of traumatic brain injury to chronic mental health problems and dementia in military veterans","volume":"707","author":"Elder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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