{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T02:54:14Z","timestamp":1784256854195,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ropinirole is a non-ergolinic dopamine agonist used to manage Parkinson\u2019s disease and it is characterized by poor oral bioavailability. This study aimed to design and develop advanced drug delivery systems composed of poloxamer 407, a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80), and cyclodextrins (methyl-\u03b2-CD or hydroxy-propyl-\u03b2-CD) for possible brain targeting of ropinirole after nasal administration for the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease. The hybrid systems were formed by the thin-film hydration method, followed by an extensive physicochemical and morphological characterization. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the systems on HEK293 cell lines was also tested. In vitro release and ex vivo mucosal permeation of ropinirole were assessed using Franz cells at 34 \u00b0C and with phosphate buffer solution at pH 5.6 in the donor compartment, simulating the conditions of the nasal cavity. The results indicated that the diffusion-controlled drug release exhibited a progressive increase throughout the experiment, while a proof-of-concept experiment on ex vivo permeation through rabbit nasal mucosa revealed a better performance of the prepared hybrid systems in comparison to ropinirole solution. The encouraging results in drug release and mucosal permeation indicate that these hybrid systems can serve as attractive platforms for effective and targeted nose-to-brain delivery of ropinirole with a possible application in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Further ex vivo and in vivo studies to support the results of the present work are ongoing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T03:50:56Z","timestamp":1705549856000},"page":"1162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fabricating Polymer\/Surfactant\/Cyclodextrin Hybrid Particles for Possible Nose-to-Brain Delivery of Ropinirole Hydrochloride: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0263-4990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elmina-Marina","family":"Saitani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natassa","family":"Pippa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7686-4150","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego Romano","family":"Perinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6994-868X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksander","family":"Forys","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Sk\u0142odowskiej St, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-0713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Papakyriakopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9317-9510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nefeli","family":"Lagopati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8528-4166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Bonacucina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (CHIP), University of Camerino, Via Madonna delle Carceri, 62032 Camerino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Trzebicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34, M. Curie-Sk\u0142odowskiej St, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Gazouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biology, Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5347-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stergios","family":"Pispas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2395-6844","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgia","family":"Valsami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15771 Zografou, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.2217\/nmt-2017-0028","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease psychosis: Presentation, diagnosis and management","volume":"7","author":"Schneider","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurodegener. 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