{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T04:11:20Z","timestamp":1782274280478,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor disorders. PD dementia (PDD) is a cognitive disorder that affects many PD patients. We have previously demonstrated the proinflammatory role of the glia maturation factor (GMF) in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in AD, PD, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in human brains and animal models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the GMF in the human PDD brain. We analyzed the expression pattern of the GMF protein in conjunction with amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of PDD brains using immunostaining. We detected a large number of GMF-positive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) reactive astrocytes, especially abundant in areas with degenerating dopaminergic neurons within the SN and striatum in PDD. Additionally, we observed excess levels of GMF in glial cells in the vicinity of APs, and NFTs in the SN and striatum of PDD and non-PDD patients. We found that the majority of GMF-positive immunoreactive glial cells were co-localized with GFAP-reactive astrocytes. Our findings suggest that the GMF may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T05:52:03Z","timestamp":1705557123000},"page":"1182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Parkinson\u2019s Disease Dementia Patients: Expression of Glia Maturation Factor in the Brain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ramasamy","family":"Thangavel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harleen","family":"Kaur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iuliia","family":"Dubova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Govindhasamy Pushphavathi","family":"Selvakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Ejaz","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8549-8570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudhanshu P.","family":"Raikwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghav","family":"Govindarajan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1148-8681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duraisamy","family":"Kempuraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cossu, D., Hatano, T., and Hattori, N. (2023). The Role of Immune Dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s Disease Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0348.v1"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2023.03.021","article-title":"Cognitive heterogeneity in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A mechanistic view","volume":"111","author":"Weintraub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01353-3","article-title":"Signaling pathways in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2023, November 10). Parkinsons Foundation, Miami, FL, USA. Available online: Parkinson.org."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.379042","article-title":"A review of the neurotransmitter system associated with cognitive function of the cerebellum in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-023-00905-z","article-title":"A multiple hits hypothesis for memory dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"20","author":"Citro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siciliano, M., Tessitore, A., Morgante, F., Goldman, J.G., and Ricciardi, L. (2024). Subjective Cognitive Complaints in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mov. Disord.","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29649"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"183","article-title":"Progression of Cognitive Decline in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"8","author":"Roheger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1281","article-title":"The Etiology of Parkinson\u2019s Disease: New Perspectives from Gene-Environment Interactions","volume":"13","author":"Bogers","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castillo-Rangel, C., Marin, G., Hernandez-Contreras, K.A., Vichi-Ramirez, M.M., Zarate-Calderon, C., Torres-Pineda, O., Diaz-Chiguer, D.L., De la Mora Gonzalez, D., Gomez Apo, E., and Teco-Cortes, J.A. (2023). Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: From Gene to Clinic: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065792"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araujo, B., Caridade-Silva, R., Soares-Guedes, C., Martins-Macedo, J., Gomes, E.D., Monteiro, S., and Teixeira, F.G. (2022). Neuroinflammation and Parkinson\u2019s Disease-From Neurodegeneration to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11182908"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01711-w","article-title":"Regional differences in synaptic degeneration are linked to alpha-synuclein burden and axonal damage in Parkinson\u2019s disease and dementia with Lewy bodies","volume":"12","author":"Frigerio","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta. Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4782","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review","volume":"322","author":"Arvanitakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-023-00378-6","article-title":"Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3117","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad064","article-title":"Impaired dopamine release in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"146","author":"Cramb","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(99)00036-X","article-title":"Nigral neurons are likely to die of a mechanism other than classical apoptosis in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"5","author":"Graeber","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040556597","article-title":"Caspase-3: A vulnerability factor and final effector in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"97","author":"Hartmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2001.00160.x","article-title":"Is Bax a mitochondrial mediator in apoptotic death of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson\u2019s disease?","volume":"76","author":"Hartmann","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabq1141","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq1141","article-title":"The link between neuroinflammation and the neurovascular unit in synucleinopathies","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/349704a0","article-title":"Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"349","author":"Goate","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1038\/375754a0","article-title":"Cloning of a gene bearing missense mutations in early-onset familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"375","author":"Sherrington","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/376775a0","article-title":"Familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease in kindreds with missense mutations in a gene on chromosome 1 related to the Alzheimer\u2019s disease type 3 gene","volume":"376","author":"Rogaev","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7638622","article-title":"Candidate gene for the chromosome 1 familial Alzheimer\u2019s disease locus","volume":"269","author":"Wasco","year":"1995","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/33416","article-title":"Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism","volume":"392","author":"Kitada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1096284","article-title":"Hereditary early-onset Parkinson\u2019s disease caused by mutations in PINK1","volume":"304","author":"Valente","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.11.005","article-title":"Mutations in LRRK2 cause autosomal-dominant parkinsonism with pleomorphic pathology","volume":"44","author":"Zimprich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.023","article-title":"Cloning of the gene containing mutations that cause PARK8-linked Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"44","author":"Jain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/26652","article-title":"The ubiquitin pathway in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"395","author":"Leroy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1066","article-title":"Mutations in NR4A2 associated with familial Parkinson disease","volume":"33","author":"Le","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"79","article-title":"Glia Maturation Factor in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"12","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open Access J. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170634","article-title":"Co-Localization of Glia Maturation Factor with NLRP3 Inflammasome and Autophagosome Markers in Human Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Brain","volume":"60","author":"Ahmed","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.12.003","article-title":"Suppression of neuro inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by glia maturation factor antibody","volume":"1373","author":"Zaheer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21751","article-title":"Glial reactions in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"McGeer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.8.1285","article-title":"Reactive microglia are positive for HLA-DR in the substantia nigra of Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brains","volume":"38","author":"McGeer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90115-X","article-title":"Relationship of microglia and astrocytes to amyloid deposits of Alzheimer disease","volume":"24","author":"Itagaki","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Sawada, M., Imamura, K., and Nagatsu, T. (2006). Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Related Disorders, Springer. Journal of Neural Transmission. Supplementa."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-017-9766-1","article-title":"Cross-Talk between Glia, Neurons and Mast Cells in Neuroinflammation Associated with Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"13","author":"Kempuraj","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22953","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.38.22953","article-title":"In vitro enhancement of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activity by phosphorylated glia maturation factor","volume":"271","author":"Lim","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb03237.x","article-title":"Expression of glia maturation factor beta mRNA and protein in rat organs and cells","volume":"60","author":"Zaheer","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5183","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.8.5183","article-title":"Protein kinase A (PKA)- and protein kinase C-phosphorylated glia maturation factor promotes the catalytic activity of PKA","volume":"272","author":"Zaheer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2006.04385.x","article-title":"A novel role of glia maturation factor: Induction of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"101","author":"Zaheer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1080-6","article-title":"Glia maturation factor expression in entorhinal cortex of Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain","volume":"38","author":"Thangavel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00937-9","article-title":"Real-Time Noninvasive Bioluminescence, Ultrasound and Photoacoustic Imaging in NFkappaB-RE-Luc Transgenic Mice Reveal Glia Maturation Factor-Mediated Immediate and Sustained Spatio-Temporal Activation of NFkappaB Signaling Post-Traumatic Brain Injury in a Gender-Specific Manner","volume":"41","author":"Raikwar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2020.01.001","article-title":"Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Parkinson Disease","volume":"36","author":"Goldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Geriatr. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/1.1.103","article-title":"The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Arnold","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(02)00065-9","article-title":"Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"24","author":"Braak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.12.1791","article-title":"Phases of A beta-deposition in the human brain and its relevance for the development of AD","volume":"58","author":"Thal","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130205","article-title":"Glial pathology but absence of apoptotic nigral neurons in long-standing Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Banati","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"90","article-title":"Microglial phenotypes and toll-like receptor 2 in the substantia nigra and hippocampus of incidental Lewy body disease cases and Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"2","author":"Doorn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1504","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.05087.x","article-title":"Nitrated alpha-synuclein-activated microglial profiling for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"104","author":"Reynolds","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.04.001","article-title":"Inflammation and dementia: Using rheumatoid arthritis as a model to develop treatments?","volume":"17","author":"Mason","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291713000494","article-title":"The prevalence and incidence of dementia with Lewy bodies: A systematic review of population and clinical studies","volume":"44","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.62.3.243","article-title":"Motor and cognitive function in Lewy body dementia: Comparison with Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases","volume":"62","author":"Gnanalingham","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-023-01379-z","article-title":"Fluid and Biopsy Based Biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"20","author":"Coughlin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X15666171016164734","article-title":"Potential Therapeutics for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20484","article-title":"Investigations with cultured human microglia on pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"81","author":"Walker","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1111\/nan.12294","article-title":"Cortical Lewy bodies and Abeta burden are associated with prevalence and timing of dementia in Lewy body diseases","volume":"42","author":"Ruffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-017-0789-z","article-title":"Molecular Imaging and Updated Diagnostic Criteria in Lewy Body Dementias","volume":"17","author":"Bohnen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00684-6","article-title":"Inflammation and immune dysfunction in Parkinson disease","volume":"22","author":"Tansey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/1073858421991066","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: Triggers, Mechanisms, and Immunotherapies","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tassone, A., Meringolo, M., Ponterio, G., Bonsi, P., Schirinzi, T., and Martella, G. (2023). Mitochondrial Bioenergy in Neurodegenerative Disease: Huntington and Parkinson. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202303.0484.v1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marogianni, C., Sokratous, M., Dardiotis, E., Hadjigeorgiou, G.M., Bogdanos, D., and Xiromerisiou, G. (2020). Neurodegeneration and Inflammation-An Interesting Interplay in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228421"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9435-y","article-title":"Neural and immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Blandini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.5607\/en20017","article-title":"Absence of Glia Maturation Factor Protects from Axonal Injury and Motor Behavioral Impairments after Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"29","author":"Selvakumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09929-4","article-title":"Immune Suppression of Glia Maturation Factor Reverses Behavioral Impairment, Attenuates Amyloid Plaque Pathology and Neuroinflammation in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mouse Model","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106441","article-title":"NLRP3 inflammasome and glia maturation factor coordinately regulate neuroinflammation and neuronal loss in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"83","author":"Javed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6964","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-019-1544-z","article-title":"Synergy in Disruption of Mitochondrial Dynamics by Abeta (1\u201342) and Glia Maturation Factor (GMF) in SH-SY5Y Cells Is Mediated Through Alterations in Fission and Fusion Proteins","volume":"56","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2014.06.016","article-title":"Influence of microglial activation on neuronal function in Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia","volume":"11","author":"Fan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000078192.95645.E6","article-title":"[11C](R)-PK11195 PET imaging of microglial activation in multiple system atrophy","volume":"61","author":"Gerhard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"507","article-title":"Altered Expression Patterns of Inflammation-Associated and Trophic Molecules in Substantia Nigra and Striatum Brain Samples from Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Incidental Lewy Body Disease and Normal Control Cases","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.10.009","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in Lewy body dementia","volume":"21","author":"Surendranathan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kam, T.I., Hinkle, J.T., Dawson, T.M., and Dawson, V.L. (2020). Microglia and astrocyte dysfunction in parkinson\u2019s disease. Neurobiol. Dis., 144.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2020.105028"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-9158-1-3","article-title":"Mitochondrial neuronal uncoupling proteins: A target for potential disease-modification in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Ho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badanjak, K., Fixemer, S., Smajic, S., Skupin, A., and Grunewald, A. (2021). The Contribution of Microglia to Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094676"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Isik, S., Yeman Kiyak, B., Akbayir, R., Seyhali, R., and Arpaci, T. (2023). Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071012"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-020-00221-2","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders: The roles of microglia and astrocytes","volume":"9","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2006.40","article-title":"Microglia, major player in the brain inflammation: Their roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00176","article-title":"Targeting Microglial Activation States as a Therapeutic Avenue in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"S129","article-title":"Central and Peripheral Inflammation: Connecting the Immune Responses of Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"12","author":"Williams","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-111340","article-title":"Striatal amyloid plaque density predicts Braak neurofibrillary stage and clinicopathological Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Implications for amyloid imaging","volume":"28","author":"Beach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e31816362aa","article-title":"Striatal beta-amyloid deposition in Parkinson disease with dementia","volume":"67","author":"Kalaitzakis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-003-0725-y","article-title":"Alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinson\u2019s and Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain: Incidence and topographic distribution--a pilot study","volume":"106","author":"Jellinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23659","article-title":"Neuropathologic substrates of Parkinson disease dementia","volume":"72","author":"Irwin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.386406","article-title":"Amyloid-beta and tau protein beyond Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Abyadeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2018.00809","article-title":"Tau Pathology in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2011.06.046","article-title":"Amyloid-beta and tau biomarkers in Parkinson\u2019s disease-dementia","volume":"310","author":"Buongiorno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.2011.01232.x","article-title":"Expression of glia maturation factor in neuropathological lesions of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Thangavel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-012-0913-z","article-title":"Enhanced expression of glia maturation factor correlates with glial activation in the brain of triple transgenic Alzheimer\u2019s disease mice","volume":"38","author":"Zaheer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170777","article-title":"Co-Expression of Glia Maturation Factor and Apolipoprotein E4 in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Brain","volume":"61","author":"Thangavel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-013-1059-3","article-title":"Glia maturation factor expression in hippocampus of human Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"38","author":"Stolmeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-008-9701-1","article-title":"The abnormally phosphorylated tau lesion of early Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Thangavel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2007.12.025","article-title":"Modular and laminar pathology of Brodmann\u2019s area 37 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"152","author":"Thangavel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroscience"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/1182\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:49:41Z","timestamp":1760104181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/2\/1182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25021182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25021182","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]]}}}