{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T14:40:59Z","timestamp":1787582459360,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":228,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Melbourne Genomics Health Alliance Genomics Immersion Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease is the leading cause of dementia worldwide, accounting for a growing burden of morbidity and mortality. Diagnosing Alzheimer\u2019s disease before symptoms are established is clinically challenging, but would provide therapeutic windows for disease-modifying interventions. Blood biomarkers, including genetics, proteins and metabolites, are emerging as powerful predictors of Alzheimer\u2019s disease at various timepoints within the disease course, including at the preclinical stage. In this review, we discuss recent advances in such blood biomarkers for determining disease risk. We highlight how leveraging polygenic risk scores, based on genome-wide association studies, can help stratify individuals along their risk profile. We summarize studies analyzing protein biomarkers, as well as report on recent proteomic- and metabolomic-based prediction models. Finally, we discuss how a combination of multi-omic blood biomarkers can potentially be used in memory clinics for diagnosis and to assess the dynamic risk an individual has for developing Alzheimer\u2019s disease dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T05:46:44Z","timestamp":1705643204000},"page":"1231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multi-Omic Blood Biomarkers as Dynamic Risk Predictors in Late-Onset Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4412-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oneil G.","family":"Bhalala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosie","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0685-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nawaf","family":"Yassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Immunity Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3052, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Melbourne Brain Centre at The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3050, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3050, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00249-8","article-title":"Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: An analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"7","author":"Collaborators","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"4942562","article-title":"Physician Practice Patterns Associated with Diagnostic Evaluation of Patients with Suspected Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"2019","author":"Judge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. 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