{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T01:25:02Z","timestamp":1766712302096,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Committee for Scientific Research","award":["4P05C00617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["4P05C00617"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to assess the influence of ischemic preconditioning (IP) on hypoxia\/reoxygenation (HR)-induced endothelial cell (EC) death. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were subjected to 2 or 6 h hypoxia with subsequent reoxygenation. IP was induced by 20 min of hypoxia followed by 20 min of reoxygenation. Necrosis was assessed by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and apoptosis by double staining with propidium iodide\/annexin V (PI\/AV), using TUNEL test, and Bcl-2 and Bax gene expression measured using RT-PCR. In PI\/AV staining, after 24 h of reoxygenation, 30\u201333% of EC were necrotic and 16\u201321% were apoptotic. In comparison to HR cells, IP reduced membrane apoptosis after 24 h of reoxygenation by 50% but did not influence EC necrosis. Nuclear EC apoptosis affected about 15\u201317% of EC after 24 h of reoxygenation and was reduced with IP by 55\u201360%. IP was associated with a significantly higher Bcl-2\/Bax ratio, at 8 h 2\u20134 times and at 24 h 2\u20133 times as compared to HR. Longer hypoxia was associated with lower values of Bcl-2\/Bax ratio in EC subjected to HR or IP. IP delays, without reducing, the extent of HR-induced EC necrosis but significantly inhibits their multi-level evaluated apoptosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T07:00:32Z","timestamp":1705647632000},"page":"1238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Endothelial Cell Apoptosis but Not Necrosis Is Inhibited by Ischemic Preconditioning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4374-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Zalewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Szajna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Paul II Hospital, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5779-8434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konrad","family":"St\u0119pie\u0144","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Thromboembolic Disorders, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2474-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karol","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Thromboembolic Disorders, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Karci\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group, Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia del Carmen","family":"Yika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group, Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kornelia","family":"Krawczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group, Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Karwat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Failure, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-202 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zalewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5371-5892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Pierzchalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Science, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-126 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Reperfusion after acute coronary occlusion in dogs impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine and augments contractile reactivity in vitro","volume":"87","author":"VanBenthuysen","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. 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