{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T21:13:07Z","timestamp":1791666787945,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation (NRDI) Fund, 2021 Thematic Excellence Programme","award":["TKP-2021-EGA10"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP-2021-EGA10"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The function of natural autoantibodies (nAAbs) in maintaining immunological tolerance has been comprehensively explained; however, their function in pregnant patients dealing with autoimmune diseases has not been thoroughly investigated. As Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis (HT) is the predominant organ-specific autoimmune condition of women of childbearing age, this study\u2019s objective was to evaluate IgM and IgG nAAbs targeting mitochondrial citrate synthase (CS) and heat shock proteins (Hsp60 and Hsp70) in women diagnosed with HT who were pregnant (HTP). Serum samples collected from HTP and healthy pregnant (HP) women in the first and third trimesters were tested using in-house-developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Our findings indicate the stability of nAAbs against CS and Hsps throughout the pregnancies of both healthy women and those with HT. However, during both trimesters, HTP patients displayed elevated levels of IgM isotype nAAbs against Hsp60 and Hsp70 compared to HP women, suggesting a regulatory role of IgM nAAbs during the pregnancies of patients with HT. Nonetheless, levels of IgG isotype nAAbs against Hsps were lower solely in the third trimester among HTP patients, resulting in a higher IgM\/IgG ratio, which indicates their importance in alterations of the nAAb network during pregnancy in patients with HT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031423","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T04:35:40Z","timestamp":1706070940000},"page":"1423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Altered Levels of Natural Autoantibodies against Heat Shock Proteins in Pregnant Women with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Di\u00e1na","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9597-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szabina","family":"Erd\u0151-Bony\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6126-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"B\u00f6r\u00f6cz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mi","family":"Bal\u00e1zs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Badawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0647-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Bajnok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasper","family":"N\u00f6renberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1117-9080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"Ser\u00e9ny-Litvai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Szent\u00e1gothai Research Centre, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1kos","family":"V\u00e1rnagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1lm\u00e1n","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eszter","family":"Hantosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-3877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emese","family":"Mez\u0151si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"First Department of Internal Medicine, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3406-2010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u00e9ter","family":"N\u00e9meth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T\u00edmea","family":"Berki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Clinical Center, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"National Laboratory on Human Reproduction, University of P\u00e9cs, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"100242","article-title":"Vaccination and Natural Immunity: Advantages and Risks as a Matter of Public Health Policy","volume":"8","author":"Biggs","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. 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