{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:48:51Z","timestamp":1787028531875,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BNW-2-018\/K\/3\/F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-2-018\/K\/3\/F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007771","name":"Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BNW-1-012\/K\/3\/F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1-012\/K\/3\/F"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hypertension is known to be a multifactorial disease associated with abnormalities in neuroendocrine, metabolic, and hemodynamic systems. Poorly controlled hypertension causes more than one in eight premature deaths worldwide. Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) and furosemide (FUR), being first-line drugs in the treatment of hypertension, are among others the most frequently prescribed drugs in the world. Currently, many pharmacoepidemiological data associate the use of these diuretics with an increased risk of adverse phototoxic reactions that may induce the development of melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. In this study, the cytotoxic and phototoxic potential of HCT and FUR against skin cells varied by melanin pigment content was assessed for the first time. The results showed that both drugs reduced the number of metabolically active normal skin cells in a dose-dependent manner. UVA irradiation significantly increased the cytotoxicity of HCT towards fibroblasts by approximately 40% and melanocytes by almost 20% compared to unirradiated cells. In the case of skin cells exposed to FUR and UVA radiation, an increase in cytotoxicity by approximately 30% for fibroblasts and 10% for melanocytes was observed. Simultaneous exposure of melanocytes and fibroblasts to HCT or FUR and UVAR caused a decrease in cell viability, and number, which was confirmed by microscopic assessment of morphology. The phototoxic effect of HCT and FUR was associated with the disturbance of redox homeostasis confirming the oxidative stress as a mechanism of phototoxic reaction. UVA-irradiated drugs increased the generation of ROS by 10\u2013150%, and oxidized intracellular thiols. A reduction in mitochondrial potential of almost 80% in melanocytes exposed to HCT and UVAR and 60% in fibroblasts was found due to oxidative stress occurrence. In addition, HCT and FUR have been shown to disrupt the cell cycle of normal skin cells. Finally, it can be concluded that HCT is the drug with a stronger phototoxic effect, and fibroblasts turn out to be more sensitive cells to the phototoxic effect of tested drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T07:42:16Z","timestamp":1706082136000},"page":"1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Phototoxic Reactions Inducted by Hydrochlorothiazide and Furosemide in Normal Skin Cells\u2014In Vitro Studies on Melanocytes and Fibroblasts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Marta","family":"Karkoszka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8260-4339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Rok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7892-0462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuzanna","family":"Rzepka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2904-0853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaudia","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7696-5325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6918-3330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Wrze\u015bniok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cacabelos, R., Naidoo, V., Corzo, L., Cacabelos, N., and Carril, J.C. 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