{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:40:07Z","timestamp":1790386807682,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Federal State of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Childhood maltreatment is an important risk factor for adult depression and has been associated with changes in the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis, including cortisol secretion and methylation of the FKBP5 gene. Furthermore, associations between depression and HPA changes have been reported. This study investigated the associations of whole-blood FKBP5 mRNA levels, serum cortisol levels, childhood maltreatment, and depressive symptoms with the whole-blood methylation status (assessed via target bisulfite sequencing) of 105 CpGs at the FKBP5 locus using data from the general population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) (N = 203). Both direct and interaction effects with the rs1360780 single-nucleotide polymorphism were investigated. Nominally significant associations of main effects on methylation of a single CpG site were observed at intron 3, intron 7, and the 3\u2032-end of the gene. Additionally, methylation at two clusters at the 3\u2032-end and intron 7 were nominally associated with childhood maltreatment \u00d7 rs1360780 and depressive symptoms \u00d7 rs1360780, respectively. The results add to the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the emergence of depression and could aid the development of personalised depression therapy and drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T06:54:12Z","timestamp":1706165652000},"page":"1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Methylation Patterns of the FKBP5 Gene in Association with Childhood Maltreatment and Depressive Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Nora L.","family":"Gro\u00dfmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7113-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoine","family":"Weihs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock\/Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0158-8286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luise","family":"K\u00fchn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susann","family":"Sauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"R\u00f6h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Wiechmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Rex-Haffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry","family":"V\u00f6lzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5689-3448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Uwe","family":"V\u00f6lker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabeth B.","family":"Binder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Genes and Environment, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, 80804 Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8309-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Teumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6839-0605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Homuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interfaculty Institute of Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2287-7914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna","family":"Klinger-K\u00f6nig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans J.","family":"Grabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock\/Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000049","article-title":"The Role of Early Life Stress in Adult Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review According to Childhood Trauma Subtypes","volume":"201","author":"Carr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.12740\/PP\/94375","article-title":"Epigenetic Mechanisms of Stress and Depression","volume":"53","author":"Chmielewska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Pol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2008.03.008","article-title":"The Link between Childhood Trauma and Depression: Insights from HPA Axis Studies in Humans","volume":"33","author":"Heim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00001504-200301000-00002","article-title":"Childhood Trauma and Depression","volume":"16","author":"Hill","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2015.04.007","article-title":"The Role of Specific Early Trauma in Adult Depression: A Meta-Analysis of Published Literature. Childhood Trauma and Adult Depression","volume":"30","author":"Mandelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8733","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.08m04521","article-title":"The Importance of Childhood Trauma and Childhood Life Events for Chronicity of Depression in Adults","volume":"70","author":"Wiersma","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hankin, B.L., and Abela, J.R.Z. (2005). Vulnerability-Stress Models. Development of Psychopathology: A Vulnerability-Stress Perspective, Sage Publications, Inc.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781452231655"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143938","article-title":"Stress and Depression","volume":"1","author":"Hammen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"pyu087","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyu087","article-title":"FKBP5 Genotype-Dependent DNA Methylation and mRNA Regulation After Psychosocial Stress in Remitted Depression and Healthy Controls","volume":"18","author":"Poidinger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3275","article-title":"Allele-Specific FKBP5 DNA Demethylation Mediates Gene\u2013Childhood Trauma Interactions","volume":"16","author":"Klengel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0319-6","article-title":"Methylation of the FKBP5 Gene in Association with FKBP5 Genotypes, Childhood Maltreatment and Depression","volume":"44","author":"Hertel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.08.005","article-title":"Holocaust Exposure Induced Intergenerational Effects on FKBP5 Methylation","volume":"80","author":"Yehuda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.05.021","article-title":"The Role of FKBP5, a Co-Chaperone of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Pathogenesis and Therapy of Affective and Anxiety Disorders","volume":"34","author":"Binder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2011.08.001","article-title":"FKBP51 and FKBP52 in Signaling and Disease","volume":"22","author":"Storer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.01.021","article-title":"Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Gene by Environment Interactions in Psychiatric Disorders: The FKBP5 Model","volume":"83","author":"Matosin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1479","article-title":"Polymorphisms in FKBP5 Are Associated with Increased Recurrence of Depressive Episodes and Rapid Response to Antidepressant Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Binder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2011.81","article-title":"Moderation of Adult Depression by a Polymorphism in the FKBP5 Gene and Childhood Physical Abuse in the General Population","volume":"36","author":"Appel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacol. Off. Publ. Am. Coll. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1602","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23123","article-title":"Effect of the Interaction between Childhood Abuse and Rs1360780 of the FKBP5 Gene on Gray Matter Volume in a General Population Sample","volume":"37","author":"Grabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13927-7","article-title":"Evidence for Stress-like Alterations in the HPA-Axis in Women Taking Oral Contraceptives","volume":"7","author":"Hertel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-2760(02)00690-2","article-title":"Early Programming of the Hypothalamo\u2013Pituitary\u2013Adrenal Axis","volume":"13","author":"Matthews","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.09.016","article-title":"FKBP5 DNA Methylation Does Not Mediate the Association between Childhood Maltreatment and Depression Symptom Severity in the Detroit Neighborhood Health Study","volume":"96","author":"Bustamante","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0682-5","article-title":"Identification of Dynamic Glucocorticoid-Induced Methylation Changes at the FKBP5 Locus","volume":"11","author":"Wiechmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1655","article-title":"DNA Methylation and Human Disease","volume":"6","author":"Robertson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2010-0225","article-title":"Chronic Corticosterone Exposure Increases Expression and Decreases Deoxyribonucleic Acid Methylation of Fkbp5 in Mice","volume":"151","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2012.03.035","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-Induced Loss of DNA Methylation in Non-Neuronal Cells and Potential Involvement of DNMT1 in Epigenetic Regulation of Fkbp5","volume":"420","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2006.06.010","article-title":"Child Maltreatment and the Developing HPA Axis","volume":"50","author":"Tarullo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Spiga, F., Walker, J.J., Terry, J.R., and Lightman, S.L. (2014). Comprehensive Physiology, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579415000991","article-title":"Childhood Maltreatment and Methylation of FKBP5","volume":"27","author":"Tyrka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105205","article-title":"The FKBP5 Genotype and Childhood Trauma Effects on FKBP5 DNA Methylation in Patients with Psychosis, Their Unaffected Siblings, and Healthy Controls","volume":"128","author":"Mihaljevic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.12.226","article-title":"Allele-Specific DNA Methylation Level of FKBP5 Is Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder","volume":"103","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.120","article-title":"Effect of Interaction between a Specific Subtype of Child Abuse and the FKBP5 Rs1360780 SNP on DNA Methylation among Patients with Bipolar Disorder","volume":"272","author":"Saito","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murphy, F., Nasa, A., Cullinane, D., Raajakesary, K., Gazzaz, A., Sooknarine, V., Haines, M., Roman, E., Kelly, L., and O\u2019Neill, A. (2022). Childhood Trauma, the HPA Axis and Psychiatric Illnesses: A Targeted Literature Synthesis. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.748372"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2017.12.014","article-title":"Early Life Stress and Cortisol: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"98","author":"Fogelman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0376-y","article-title":"Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Comparison between Live Human Brain and Peripheral Tissues within Individuals","volume":"9","author":"Braun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2004.00218.x","article-title":"Validity of Adult Retrospective Reports of Adverse Childhood Experiences: Review of the Evidence","volume":"45","author":"Hardt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101830","article-title":"The Applied Implications of Epigenetics in Anxiety, Affective and Stress-Related Disorders - A Review and Synthesis on Psychosocial Stress, Psychotherapy and Prevention","volume":"77","author":"Schiele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e773","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.41","article-title":"MAOA Gene Hypomethylation in Panic Disorder\u2014Reversibility of an Epigenetic Risk Pattern by Psychotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Ziegler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4580","article-title":"Prospects for the Development of Epigenetic Drugs for CNS Conditions","volume":"14","author":"Szyf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12227","article-title":"The Role of Epigenetics for Understanding Mental Health Difficulties and Its Implications for Psychotherapy Research","volume":"92","author":"Kumsta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychol. Psychother. Theory Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yehuda, R., Daskalakis, N., Desarnaud, F., Makotkine, I., Lehrner, A., Koch, E., Flory, J., Buxbaum, J., Meaney, M., and Bierer, L. (2013). Epigenetic Biomarkers as Predictors and Correlates of Symptom Improvement Following Psychotherapy in Combat Veterans with PTSD. Front. Psychiatry, 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2013.00118"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e372","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyac034","article-title":"Cohort Profile Update: The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)","volume":"51","author":"Schmidt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyp394","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Study of Health in Pomerania","volume":"40","author":"Alte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klinger-K\u00f6nig, J., Frenzel, S., Hannemann, A., Wittfeld, K., B\u00fclow, R., Friedrich, N., Nauck, M., V\u00f6lzke, H., and Grabe, H.J. (2021). Sex Differences in the Association between Basal Serum Cortisol Concentrations and Cortical Thickness. Neurobiol. Stress, 15.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100416"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5144","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14383","article-title":"Metabolic Signature Associated with Parameters of the Complete Blood Count in Apparently Healthy Individuals","volume":"23","author":"Masuch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-018-0209-x","article-title":"HAM-TBS: High-Accuracy Methylation Measurements via Targeted Bisulfite Sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Roeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, P., Zhang, X., Huang, C.-C., Jafari, N., Kibbe, W.A., Hou, L., and Lin, S.M. (2010). Comparison of Beta-Value and M-Value Methods for Quantifying Methylation Levels by Microarray Analysis. BMC Bioinform., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-11-587"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W185","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa420","article-title":"SNPnexus: A Web Server for Functional Annotation of Human Genome Sequence Variation (2020 Update)","volume":"48","author":"Oscanoa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R61","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-7-r61","article-title":"Bis-SNP: Combined DNA Methylation and SNP Calling for Bisulfite-Seq Data","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schurmann, C., Heim, K., Schillert, A., Blankenberg, S., Carstensen, M., D\u00f6rr, M., Endlich, K., Felix, S.B., Gieger, C., and Grallert, H. (2012). Analyzing Illumina Gene Expression Microarray Data from Different Tissues: Methodological Aspects of Data Analysis in the Metaxpress Consortium. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0050938"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","article-title":"The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, American Psychiatric Association. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(02)00541-0","article-title":"Development and Validation of a Brief Screening Version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire","volume":"27","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Child Abuse Negl."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"(2013). R Core Team R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","article-title":"G*Power 3: A Flexible Statistical Power Analysis Program for the Social, Behavioral, and Biomedical Sciences","volume":"39","author":"Faul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behav. Res. Methods"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60560-2","article-title":"Research: Increasing Value, Reducing Waste","volume":"383","author":"Schmidt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/3\/1485\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:49:12Z","timestamp":1760104152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/3\/1485"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25031485"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25031485","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]}}}