{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:19:10Z","timestamp":1784823550795,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":175,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIGE\/2021\/162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIGE\/2021\/162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003359","name":"Generalitat Valenciana","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRE21-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRE21-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009092","name":"University of Alicante","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIGE\/2021\/162"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIGE\/2021\/162"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009092","name":"University of Alicante","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRE21-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRE21-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, pain, and ultimately, bone erosion of the joints. The causes of this disease are multifactorial, including genetic factors, such as the presence of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DRB1*04 variant, alterations in the microbiota, or immune factors including increased cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), neutrophils, or elevated M1 macrophages which, taken together, produce high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In this review, we focused on the function exerted by osteoclasts on osteoblasts and other osteoclasts by means of the release of exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs). Based on a thorough revision, we classified these molecules into three categories according to their function: osteoclast inhibitors (miR-23a, miR-29b, and miR-214), osteoblast inhibitors (miR-22-3p, miR-26a, miR-27a, miR-29a, miR-125b, and miR-146a), and osteoblast enhancers (miR-20a, miR-34a, miR-96, miR-106a, miR-142, miR-199a, miR-324, and miR-486b). Finally, we analyzed potential therapeutic targets of these exosomal miRNAs, such as the use of antagomiRs, blockmiRs, agomiRs and competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), which are already being tested in murine and ex vivo models of RA. These strategies might have an important role in reestablishing the regulation of osteoclast and osteoblast differentiation making progress in the development of personalized medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031506","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T10:32:38Z","timestamp":1706178758000},"page":"1506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Exosomal Osteoclast-Derived miRNA in Rheumatoid Arthritis: From Their Pathogenesis in Bone Erosion to New Therapeutic Approaches"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0536-1185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Pascual-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4370-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascual","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Peinado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Pujalte-Satorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alicia","family":"Navarro-Sempere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Esteve-Girb\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Studies of the State, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"L\u00f3pez-Ja\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Javaloyes-Ant\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Systems Engineering and Signal Theory, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ra\u00fal","family":"Cobo-Velacoracho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Navarro-Blasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"},{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, University General Hospital of Elche, 03203 Elche, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Sempere-Ortells","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-020-04731-0","article-title":"The global prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis: A meta-analysis based on a systematic review","volume":"41","author":"Almutairi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol. 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