{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T04:12:55Z","timestamp":1778818375431,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["L232016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L232016"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022-PUMCH-A-020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-A-020"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-023"]}]},{"name":"Beijing Natural Science Foundation","award":["ZK108000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK108000"]}]},{"name":"National High-Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["L232016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L232016"]}]},{"name":"National High-Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-A-020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-A-020"]}]},{"name":"National High-Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-023"]}]},{"name":"National High-Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding","award":["ZK108000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK108000"]}]},{"name":"National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project","award":["L232016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L232016"]}]},{"name":"National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project","award":["2022-PUMCH-A-020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-A-020"]}]},{"name":"National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project","award":["2022-PUMCH-B-023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-PUMCH-B-023"]}]},{"name":"National Key Clinical Specialty Construction Project","award":["ZK108000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZK108000"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bile acid diarrhea (BAD) is a multifaceted intestinal disorder involving intricate molecular mechanisms, including farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4), and Takeda G protein\u2013coupled receptor 5 (TGR5). Current diagnostic methods encompass bile acid sequestrants (BAS), 48-h fecal bile acid tests, serum 7\u03b1-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) testing, and 75Selenium HomotauroCholic acid test (75SeHCAT). Treatment primarily involves BAS and FXR agonists. However, due to the limited sensitivity and specificity of current diagnostic methods, as well as suboptimal treatment efficacy and the presence of side effects, there is an urgent need to establish new diagnostic and treatment methods. While prior literature has summarized various diagnostic and treatment methods and the pathogenesis of BAD, no previous work has linked the two. This review offers a molecular perspective on the clinical diagnosis and treatment of BAD, with a focus on FXR, FGFR4, and TGR5, emphasizing the potential for identifying additional molecular mechanisms as treatment targets and bridging the gap between diagnostic and treatment methods and molecular mechanisms for a novel approach to the clinical management of BAD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031544","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1706259361000},"page":"1544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Bile Acid Diarrhea: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment in the Era of Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5554-8523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daiyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9222-7327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengzhen","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5890-7835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7579-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziqi","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-9874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.271155","article-title":"Neuro-Humoral Signalling by Bile Acids and the TGR5 Receptor in the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"592","author":"Bunnett","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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