{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:54:13Z","timestamp":1791474853745,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Bristol"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer is the tenth most common cancer and is a significant burden on health care services worldwide, as it is one of the most costly cancers to treat per patient. This expense is due to the extensive treatment and follow-ups that occur with costly and invasive procedures. Improvement in both treatment options and the quality of life these interventions offer has not progressed at the rates of other cancers, and new alternatives are desperately needed to ease the burden. A more modern approach needs to be taken, with urinary biomarkers being a positive step in making treatments more patient-friendly, but there is still a long way to go to make these widely available and of a comparable standard to the current treatment options. New targets to hit the major signalling pathways that are upregulated in bladder cancer, such as the PI3K\/AkT\/mTOR pathway, are urgently needed, with only one drug approved so far, Erdafitinib. Immune checkpoint inhibitors also hold promise, with both PD-1 and CDLA-4 antibody therapies approved for use. They effectively block ligand\/receptor binding to block the immune checkpoint used by tumour cells. Other avenues must be explored, including drug repurposing and novel biomarkers, which have revolutionised this area in other cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]],"date-time":"2024-01-26T08:56:01Z","timestamp":1706259361000},"page":"1557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Mini-Review: Current Bladder Cancer Treatment\u2014The Need for Improvement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9073-7897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Gill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Endocrinology Group, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1562-891X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire M.","family":"Perks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Endocrinology Group, Learning & Research Building, Southmead Hospital, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol BS10 5NB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, E., Sandhu, G., Ward, D.G., Perks, C.M., and Bryan, R.T. (2021). The Sirenic Links between Diabetes, Obesity, and Bladder Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222011150"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.08.037","article-title":"Gender and Bladder Cancer: A Collaborative Review of Etiology, Biology, and Outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Dobruch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3233\/BLC-211658","article-title":"Mechanism of Sex Differences in Bladder Cancer: Evident and Elusive Sex-biasing Factors","volume":"8","author":"Lam","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bladder Cancer"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2018.09.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Contemporary Update of Risk Factors in 2018","volume":"74","author":"Cumberbatch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2023.03.017","article-title":"Bladder Cancer Carcinogens: Opportunities for Risk Reduction","volume":"9","author":"Gaffney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2022.10.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, Screening, and Prevention of Bladder Cancer","volume":"5","author":"Lobo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-020-02951-0","article-title":"A four-antibody immunohistochemical panel can distinguish clinico-pathological clusters of urothelial carcinoma and reveals high concordance between primary tumor and lymph node metastases","volume":"478","author":"Bontoux","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virchows. Archiv."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euo.2023.09.023","article-title":"Proposal for a Novel Histological Scoring System as a Potential Grading Approach for Muscle-invasive Urothelial Bladder Cancer Correlating with Disease Aggressiveness and Patient Outcomes","volume":"6","author":"Eckstein","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mpdhp.2020.04.004","article-title":"Pathological and molecular aspects of urothelial carcinomas","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagn. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0096-5","article-title":"Discordant molecular subtype classification in the basal-squamous subtype of bladder tumors and matched lymph-node metastases","volume":"31","author":"Eriksson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Y., Cheng, Y., Wang, Z., Li, L., Qian, Z., Xia, W., and Yu, W. (2023). A novel metabolic subtype with S100A7 high expression represents poor prognosis and immuno-suppressive tumor microenvironment in bladder cancer. BMC Cancer, 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-023-11182-w"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2019.09.006","article-title":"A Consensus Molecular Classification of Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer","volume":"77","author":"Kamoun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3377","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-12-0077-T","article-title":"A Molecular Taxonomy for Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Lauss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01188-6","article-title":"Current best practice for bladder cancer: A narrative review of diagnostics and treatments","volume":"400","author":"Amin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11702","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-11291-0","article-title":"Comprehensive multiregional analysis of molecular heterogeneity in bladder cancer","volume":"7","author":"Thomsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21631","article-title":"Treatment of muscle-invasive and advanced bladder cancer in 2020","volume":"70","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.17598","article-title":"Bladder Cancer: A Review","volume":"324","author":"Lenis","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13011","article-title":"Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy for bladder cancer: A review of immunological aspects, clinical effects and BCG infections","volume":"128","author":"Larsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apmis"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20503121211034366","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121211034366","article-title":"New approaches and procedures for cancer treatment: Current perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Debela","year":"2021","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"41","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers in bladder cancer: A review of the current landscape and future directions","volume":"39","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03262330","article-title":"The health economics of bladder cancer: A comprehensive review of the published literature","volume":"21","author":"Botteman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-019-0951-z","article-title":"Radical Cystectomy in Female Patients\u2014Improving Outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Kalampokis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-018-0860-6","article-title":"Bladder Cancer Survivorship","volume":"19","author":"Bhanvadia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1097\/WON.0000000000000188","article-title":"The Impact of Radical Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion on Suicidal Death in Patients With Bladder Cancer","volume":"43","author":"Klaassen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Wound Ostomy Cont. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-022-00578-1","article-title":"Recurrence mechanisms of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer\u2014A clinical perspective","volume":"19","author":"Teoh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1177\/03915603221110177","article-title":"Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) as a day-case: A real-world practice and patients\u2019 perspective from a district general hospital (DGH)","volume":"90","author":"Ippoliti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Urologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2003.11.018","article-title":"Pretreatment p53 Nuclear Overexpression as a Prognostic Marker in Superficial Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacillus Calmette\u2013Gu\u00e9rin (BCG)","volume":"45","author":"Saint","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67707-5","article-title":"Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: A randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study","volume":"163","author":"Lamm","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"WHO (1993). WHO International Programme on Chemical Safety Biomarkers and Risk Assessment: Concepts and Principles, WHO."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02277-9","article-title":"Genetically adjusted PSA levels for prostate cancer screening","volume":"29","author":"Kachuri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-023-00773-8","article-title":"Urine biomarkers in bladder cancer\u2014Current status and future perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Maas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores Monar, G.V., Reynolds, T., Gordon, M., Moon, D., and Moon, C. (2023). Molecular Markers for Bladder Cancer Screening: An Insight into Bladder Cancer and FDA-Approved Biomarkers. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814374"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100648","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.22065","article-title":"Evaluation of the NMP22 BladderChek test for detecting bladder cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-27675-4","article-title":"Properties of non-coding mutation hotspots as urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer detection","volume":"13","author":"Baxter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2006.01.034","article-title":"Urothelial cancer biomarkers for detection and surveillance","volume":"67","author":"Liou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Evaluation of NMP22 in bladder cancer patients sensitive to environmental toxins","volume":"26","author":"Pawlik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1938","article-title":"Prognostic utility of human complement factor H related protein test (the BTA stat\u00aeTest)","volume":"85","author":"Raitanen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2008.00350.x","article-title":"The alternative complement pathway revisited","volume":"12","author":"Harboe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Cell Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caruso, A., Vollmer, J., Machacek, M., and Kortvely, E. (2020). Modeling the activation of the alternative complement pathway and its effects on hemolysis in health and disease. PLoS Comput. Biol., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1008139"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1856895","article-title":"Targeting Major Signaling Pathways of Bladder Cancer with Phytochemicals: A Review","volume":"73","author":"Chestnut","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6008","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-09-0898","article-title":"Spectrum of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway Gene Alterations in Bladder Cancer","volume":"15","author":"Platt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1349-7006.2006.00294.x","article-title":"Role of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase\/Akt pathway in bladder cancer cell apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand","volume":"97","author":"Oka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2014). Comprehensive molecular characterization of urothelial bladder carcinoma. Nature, 507, 315\u2013322.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12965"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173226","article-title":"PTEN: What we know of the function and regulation of this onco-suppressor factor in bladder cancer?","volume":"881","author":"Ashrafizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-018-0005-1","article-title":"Unravelling disparate roles of NOTCH in bladder cancer","volume":"15","author":"Goriki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2020.109886","article-title":"Wnt signalling pathway in bladder cancer","volume":"79","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.108","article-title":"Cancer nanomedicine: Progress, challenges and opportunities","volume":"17","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-00269-6","article-title":"Targeted drug delivery strategies for precision medicines","volume":"6","author":"Manzari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-020-0090-8","article-title":"Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10156","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2015.11690","article-title":"Antitumor Efficacy of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Loaded Cationic Nanoparticles for Intravesical Immunotherapy of Bladder Tumor Induced Rat Model","volume":"15","author":"Iskit","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2112696119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2112696119","article-title":"Intravesical delivery of KDM6A-mRNA via mucoadhesive nanoparticles inhibits the metastasis of bladder cancer","volume":"119","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00579-0","article-title":"Targeting HER2-positive breast cancer: Advances and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Swain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539527","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.539527","article-title":"Novel Combination Therapies for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Peng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00275-9","article-title":"Erdafitinib in patients with advanced solid tumours with FGFR alterations (RAGNAR): An international, single-arm, phase 2 study","volume":"24","author":"Pant","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Beltran, A., Cimadamore, A., Blanca, A., Massari, F., Vau, N., Scarpelli, M., Cheng, L., and Montironi, R. (2021). Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13010131"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2015.02.032","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Immunotherapy in Urologic Cancer: Evolving Roles for Targeting of CTLA-4, PD-1\/PD-L1, and HLA-G","volume":"68","author":"Carosella","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Molenaar, R.J., van Hattum, J.W., Brummelhuis, I.S., Oddens, J.R., Savci-Heijink, C.D., Boeve, E.R., van der Meer, S.A., Witjes, J.F., Pollak, M.N., and de Reijke, T.M. (2019). Study protocol of a phase II clinical trial of oral metformin for the intravesical treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6346-1"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2017.11.056","article-title":"Tamoxifen a pioneering drug: An update on the therapeutic potential of tamoxifen derivatives","volume":"143","author":"Shagufta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"2523","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-\u03b2 signaling induces cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer","volume":"10","author":"Goto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro, E., and Vale, N. (2023). Understanding the Clinical Use of Levosimendan and Perspectives on its Future in Oncology. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091296"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.168","article-title":"Drug repurposing: Progress, challenges and recommendations","volume":"18","author":"Pushpakom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-23-124","article-title":"Bladder-sparing approaches for muscle invasive bladder cancer: A narrative review of current evidence and future perspectives","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2021.01.013","article-title":"Surgical challenges and considerations in Tri-modal therapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer","volume":"40","author":"Feldman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1097\/MOU.0000000000000601","article-title":"Trimodality therapy for bladder cancer: Modern management and future directions","volume":"29","author":"Pham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"3471","article-title":"PLEKHS1: A new molecular marker predicting risk of progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer","volume":"18","author":"Pignot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3163","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2015.3684","article-title":"VEGF-C inhibition reverses resistance of bladder cancer cells to cisplatin via upregulating maspin","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"291","article-title":"RNA Interference-Mediated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C Reduction Suppresses Malignant Progression and Enhances Mitomycin C Sensitivity of Bladder Cancer T24 Cells","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Biother. Radiopharm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2021.104329","article-title":"Blood-based protein biomarkers in bladder urothelial tumors","volume":"247","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inamura, K. (2018). Bladder Cancer: New Insights into Its Molecular Pathology. Cancers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers10040100"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S247","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.935187","article-title":"Molecular Biomarkers of Bladder Cancer: A Mini-Review","volume":"72","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/3\/1557\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:49:58Z","timestamp":1760104198000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/3\/1557"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25031557"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25031557","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,26]]}}}