{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T21:01:04Z","timestamp":1780434064951,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hector Fellow Academy grant","award":["HFA-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HFA-2020"]}]},{"name":"Hector Fellow Academy grant","award":["RI-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI-2020"]}]},{"name":"Tistou and Charlotte Kerstan Foundation","award":["HFA-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HFA-2020"]}]},{"name":"Tistou and Charlotte Kerstan Foundation","award":["RI-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI-2020"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["HFA-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HFA-2020"]}]},{"name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","award":["RI-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI-2020"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of T\u00fcbingen","award":["HFA-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HFA-2020"]}]},{"name":"Open Access Publishing Fund of the University of T\u00fcbingen","award":["RI-2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RI-2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurons build vast gap junction-coupled networks (GJ-nets) that are permeable to ions or small molecules, enabling lateral signaling. Herein, we investigate (1) the effect of blinding diseases on GJ-nets in mouse retinas and (2) the impact of electrical stimulation on GJ permeability. GJ permeability was traced in the acute retinal explants of blind retinal degeneration 1 (rd1) mice using the GJ tracer neurobiotin. The tracer was introduced via the edge cut method into the GJ-net, and its spread was visualized in histological preparations (fluorescent tagged) using microscopy. Sustained stimulation was applied to modulate GJ permeability using a single large electrode. Our findings are: (1) The blind rd1 retinas displayed extensive intercellular coupling via open GJs. Three GJ-nets were identified: horizontal, amacrine, and ganglion cell networks. (2) Sustained stimulation significantly diminished the tracer spread through the GJs in all the cell layers, as occurs with pharmaceutical inhibition with carbenoxolone. We concluded that the GJ-nets of rd1 retinas remain coupled and functional after blinding disease and that their permeability is regulatable by sustained stimulation. These findings are essential for understanding molecular signaling in diseases over coupled networks and therapeutic approaches using electrical implants, such as eliciting visual sensations or suppressing cortical seizures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T04:57:07Z","timestamp":1706504227000},"page":"1616","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sustained Extracellular Electrical Stimulation Modulates the Permeability of Gap Junctions in rd1 Mouse Retina with Photoreceptor Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"St\u00fcrmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Bolz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eberhart","family":"Zrenner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2209-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marius","family":"Ueffing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0890-9780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wadood","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40291-021-00565-z","article-title":"Achromatopsia: Genetics and Gene Therapy","volume":"26","author":"Michalakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. 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