{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T04:54:02Z","timestamp":1790916842478,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nr. 1.1.1.1\/20\/A\/035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr. 1.1.1.1\/20\/A\/035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human body emits a multitude of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) via tissues and various bodily fluids or exhaled breath. These compounds collectively create a distinctive chemical profile, which can potentially be employed to identify changes in human metabolism associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) and, consequently, facilitate the diagnosis of this disease. The main goal of this study was to investigate and characterize the VOCs\u2019 chemical patterns associated with the breath of CRC patients and controls and identify potential expiratory markers of this disease. For this purpose, gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry was applied. Collectively, 1656 distinct compounds were identified in the breath samples provided by 152 subjects. Twenty-two statistically significant VOCs (p-xylene; hexanal; 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane; 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate; hexadecane; nonane; ethylbenzene; cyclohexanone; diethyl phthalate; 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one; tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-one; 2-butanone; benzaldehyde; dodecanal; benzothiazole; tetradecane; 1-dodecanol; 1-benzene; 3-methylcyclopentyl acetate; 1-nonene; toluene) were observed at higher concentrations in the exhaled breath of the CRC group. The elevated levels of these VOCs in CRC patients\u2019 breath suggest the potential for these compounds to serve as biomarkers for CRC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,29]],"date-time":"2024-01-29T08:11:27Z","timestamp":1706515887000},"page":"1632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Breath Fingerprint of Colorectal Cancer Patients Based on the Gas Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"El\u012bna","family":"Kononova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7765-852X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Me\u017emale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Health Centre 4, LV-1012 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9892-7765","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Inese","family":"Po\u013caka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Modelling and Simulation, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4380-9534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viktors","family":"Veliks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Anarkulova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Health Centre 4, LV-1012 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Liepaja Regional Hospital, LV-3414 Liepaja, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Vilkoite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Centre 4, LV-1012 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivars","family":"Tolmanis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Marija","family":"\u013be\u0161\u010dinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Digestive Diseases Centre GASTRO, LV-1079 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilm\u0101rs","family":"Ston\u0101ns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrejs","family":"P\u010dolkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Riga East University Hospital, LV-1038 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Mochalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Breath Research, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University of Kielce, 25-369 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0319-8855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0101rcis","family":"Leja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical and Preventive Medicine, University of Latvia, LV-1586 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