{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T16:57:14Z","timestamp":1788541034164,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001350","name":"Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOH-CSASI23jan-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOH-CSASI23jan-0001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001350","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two-photon excitation microscopy (TPM) and multiphoton fluorescence microscopy (MPM) are advanced forms of intravital high-resolution functional microscopy techniques that allow for the imaging of dynamic molecular processes and resolve features of the biological tissues of interest. Due to the cornea\u2019s optical properties and the uniquely accessible position of the globe, it is possible to image cells and tissues longitudinally to investigate ocular surface physiology and disease. MPM can also be used for the in vitro investigation of biological processes and drug kinetics in ocular tissues. In corneal immunology, performed via the use of TPM, cells thought to be intraepithelial dendritic cells are found to resemble tissue-resident memory T cells, and reporter mice with labeled plasmacytoid dendritic cells are imaged to understand the protective antiviral defenses of the eye. In mice with limbal progenitor cells labeled by reporters, the kinetics and localization of corneal epithelial replenishment are evaluated to advance stem cell biology. In studies of the conjunctiva and sclera, the use of such imaging together with second harmonic generation allows for the delineation of matrix wound healing, especially following glaucoma surgery. In conclusion, these imaging models play a pivotal role in the progress of ocular surface science and translational research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T03:45:12Z","timestamp":1706586312000},"page":"1670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Two-Photon and Multiphoton Microscopy in Anterior Segment Diseases of the Eye"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6225-7512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merrelynn","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore"},{"name":"Training and Education Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu Zhen","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138632, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun Yao","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, National Technical University, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3986-6552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louis","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore"},{"name":"Ocular Surface Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore"},{"name":"Eye Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2321027","article-title":"Two-photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy","volume":"248","author":"Denk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2260","article-title":"Noninvasive multiphoton fluorescence microscopy resolves retinol and retinal condensation products in mouse eyes","volume":"16","author":"Palczewska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. 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