{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T05:19:17Z","timestamp":1788326357827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":273,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706572800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["2022-FAR.L-CF_004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022-FAR.L-CF_004"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["2023-FAR.L_medtras_CF_001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-FAR.L_medtras_CF_001"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["2023-FAR.L_neuro_PA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-FAR.L_neuro_PA"]}]},{"name":"University of Ferrara","award":["2019-PRA.A-PA_001_Pignatelli"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-PRA.A-PA_001_Pignatelli"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurodegenerative diseases are an increasingly common group of diseases that occur late in life with a significant impact on personal, family, and economic life. Among these, Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) are the major disorders that lead to mild to severe cognitive and physical impairment and dementia. Interestingly, those diseases may show onset of prodromal symptoms early after middle age. Commonly, the evaluation of these neurodegenerative diseases is based on the detection of biomarkers, where functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown a central role in revealing early or prodromal phases, although it can be expensive, time-consuming, and not always available. The aforementioned diseases have a common impact on the visual system due to the pathophysiological mechanisms shared between the eye and the brain. In Parkinson\u2019s disease, \u03b1-synuclein deposition in the retinal cells, as well as in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, alters the visual cortex and retinal function, resulting in modifications to the visual field. Similarly, the visual cortex is modified by the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic amyloid \u03b2 plaques typically seen in the Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain, and this may reflect the accumulation of these biomarkers in the retina during the early stages of the disease, as seen in postmortem retinas of AD patients. In this light, the ophthalmic evaluation of retinal neurodegeneration could become a cost-effective method for the early diagnosis of those diseases, overcoming the limitations of functional and structural imaging of the deep brain. This analysis is commonly used in ophthalmic practice, and interest in it has risen in recent years. This review will discuss the relationship between Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease with retinal degeneration, highlighting how retinal analysis may represent a noninvasive and straightforward method for the early diagnosis of these neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031689","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]],"date-time":"2024-01-30T05:14:32Z","timestamp":1706591672000},"page":"1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Retinal Alterations Predict Early Prodromal Signs of Neurodegenerative Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6431-3335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Casciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Zauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Celeghini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9895-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Gonelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Zauli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7160-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angela","family":"Pignatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2018.00087","article-title":"The Birth of the Eye Vesicle: When Fate Decision Equals Morphogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Giger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. 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