{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:19:32Z","timestamp":1791335972823,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":195,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]],"date-time":"2024-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health-Grant Giovani Ricercatori 2019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GR-019-12370076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-019-12370076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health-Grant Giovani Ricercatori 2019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health-Grant Giovani Ricercatori 2019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FAR2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2022"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Insubria","award":["GR-019-12370076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GR-019-12370076"]}]},{"name":"University of Insubria","award":["FAR2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2021"]}]},{"name":"University of Insubria","award":["FAR2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FAR2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer (BC) constitutes one of the most diagnosed types of cancer worldwide. Advancements in and new methodologies for DNA sequencing, leading to high-throughput microbiota testing, have pinpointed discrepancies in urinary microbial fingerprints between healthy individuals and patients with BC. Although several studies suggest an involvement of microbiota dysbiosis in the pathogenesis, progression, and therapeutic response to bladder cancer, an established direct causal relationship remains to be elucidated due to the lack of standardized methodologies associated with such studies. This review compiles an overview of the microbiota of the human urinary tract in healthy and diseased individuals and discusses the evidence to date on microbiome involvement and potential mechanisms by which the microbiota may contribute to the development of BC. We also explore the potential profiling of urinary microbiota as a biomarker for risk stratification, as well as the prediction of the response to intravesical therapies and immunotherapy in BC patients. Further investigation into the urinary microbiome of BC patients is imperative to unravel the complexities of the role played by host\u2013microbe interactions in shaping wellness or disease and yield valuable insights into and strategies for the prevention and personalized treatment of BC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031732","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T08:44:08Z","timestamp":1706777048000},"page":"1732","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Urinary Microbiome in Health and Disease: Relevance for Bladder Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5524-5238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasa","family":"Kustrimovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease\u2014CAAD, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Bilato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4757-7101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Mortara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denisa","family":"Baci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology and General Pathology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy"},{"name":"Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, IRCCS\u2014Policlinico San Donato, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2020.03.055","article-title":"European Association of Urology Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer: Summary of the 2020 Guidelines","volume":"79","author":"Witjes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. 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