{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T15:37:22Z","timestamp":1787931442541,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706832000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Veterans Affairs Merit Award","award":["BX005651"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BX005651"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serine proteases are members of a large family of hydrolytic enzymes in which a particular serine residue in the active site performs an essential role as a nucleophile, which is required for their proteolytic cleavage function. The array of functions performed by serine proteases is vast and includes, among others, the following: (i) the ability to fight infections; (ii) the activation of blood coagulation or blood clot lysis systems; (iii) the activation of digestive enzymes; and (iv) reproduction. Serine protease activity is highly regulated by multiple families of protease inhibitors, known collectively as the SERine Protease INhibitor (SERPIN). The serpins use a conformational change mechanism to inhibit proteases in an irreversible way. The unusual conformational change required for serpin function provides an elegant opportunity for allosteric regulation by the binding of cofactors, of which the most well-studied is heparin. The goal of this review is to discuss some of the clinically relevant serine protease\u2013serpin interactions that may be enhanced by heparin or other negatively charged polysaccharides. The paired serine protease\u2013serpin in the framework of heparin that we review includes the following: thrombin\u2013antithrombin III, plasmin\u2013anti-plasmin, C1 esterase\/kallikrein\u2013C1 esterase inhibitor, and furin\/TMPRSS2 (serine protease Transmembrane Protease 2)\u2013alpha-1-antitrypsin, with the latter in the context of COVID-19 and prostate cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T09:24:08Z","timestamp":1706865848000},"page":"1804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Inhibition of Serine Proteases by Serpins Is Augmented by Negatively Charged Heparin: A Concise Review of Some Clinically Relevant Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7612-7727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward D.","family":"Chan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul T.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiyuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Department of Academic Affairs, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4794-475X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen M.","family":"Schoffstall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO 80918, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Sandhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2943-9044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley M.","family":"Buckle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia"},{"name":"Replay, San Diego, CA 92121, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1111","article-title":"Human and mouse proteases: A comparative genomic approach","volume":"4","author":"Puente","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. 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