{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T11:40:15Z","timestamp":1792064415027,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]],"date-time":"2024-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008130","name":"Pusan National University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["202200410001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202200410001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally, women have been adopting oocyte cryopreservation (OC) for fertility preservation for various reasons, such as inevitable gonadotoxic treatment for specific pathologic states and social preferences. While conventional vitrification (C-VIT) has improved the success rate of OC, challenges of possible toxicities of high-concentration cryoprotective agents and osmotic stress persist. To overcome these challenges, we evaluated the ultra-fast vitrification (UF-VIT) method, which reduces the equilibration solution stage exposure time compared to C-VIT by observing mouse oocyte intracellular organelles and embryonic development. Consequently, compared to fresh mouse oocytes, UF-VIT presented significant differences only in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) intensity and mitochondrial (MT) distribution. Meanwhile, C-VIT showed substantial differences in the survival rate, key ER and MT parameters, and embryonic development rate. UF-VIT exhibited considerably fewer negative effects on key MT parameters and resulted in a notably higher blastocyst formation rate than C-VIT. Meiotic spindle (spindle and chromosomes) morphology showed no significant changes between the groups during vitrification\/warming (VW), suggesting that VW did not negatively affect the meiotic spindle of the oocytes. In conclusion, UF-VIT seems more effective in OC owing to efficient cytoplasmic water molecule extraction, osmotic stress reduction, and minimization of cell contraction and expansion amplitude, thus compensating for the drawbacks of C-VIT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]],"date-time":"2024-02-05T05:22:44Z","timestamp":1707110564000},"page":"1884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Ultra-Fast Vitrification: Minimizing the Toxicity of Cryoprotective Agents and Osmotic Stress in Mouse Oocyte Cryopreservation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8425-1979","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung-Ran","family":"Cho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Infertility Center of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University Graduate School, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0249-0467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Hee","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1223-4387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyun-Joo","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"In-Hye","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hye","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infertility Center of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University Graduate School, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan-Bi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infertility Center of Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seong-Keun","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Pusan National University Graduate School, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6338-1512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jong-Kil","family":"Joo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Pusan National University Hospital Biomedical Research Institute, Busan 49241, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deh101","article-title":"Polscope analysis of meiotic spindle changes in living metaphase II human oocytes during the freezing and thawing procedures","volume":"19","author":"Rienzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hum. 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