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The main causes of such pollution are frequent human activities creating underwater environmental noise, including commercial shipping, offshore energy platforms, scientific exploration activities, etc. However, in aquaculture environments, underwater noise pollution has also become an unavoidable problem due to background noise created by aquaculture equipment. Some research has shown that certain fish show adaptability to noise over a period of time. This could be due to fish\u2019s special auditory organ, i.e., their \u201cinner ear\u201d; meanwhile, otoliths and sensory hair cells are the important components of the inner ear and are also essential for the function of the auditory system. Recently, research in respect of underwater noise pollution has mainly focused on adult fish, and there is a lack of the research on the effects of underwater noise pollution on the development process of the auditory system in the embryonic development period. Thus, in this study, we collected embryo\u2013larval samples of the small yellow croaker (Larimichthys polyactis) in four important stages of otic vesicle development through artificial breeding. Then, we used metabonomics and transcriptomics analyses to reveal the development process of the auditory system in the embryonic development period under background noise (indoor and underwater environment sound). Finally, we identified 4026 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 672 differential metabolites (DMs), including 37 DEGs associated with the auditory system, and many differences mainly existed in the neurula stage (20 h of post-fertilization\/20 HPF). We also inferred the regulatory mode and process of some important DEGs (Dnmt1, CPS1, and endothelin-1) in the early development of the auditory system. In conclusion, we suggest that the auditory system development of L. polyactis begins at least in the neurula stage or earlier; the other three stages (tail bud stage, caudal fin fold stage, and heart pulsation stage, 28\u201335 HPF) mark the rapid development period. We speculate that the effect of underwater noise pollution on the embryo\u2013larval stage probably begins even earlier.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25041954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T03:22:31Z","timestamp":1707189751000},"page":"1954","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Metabonomics and Transcriptomics Analyses Reveal the Development Process of the Auditory System in the Embryonic Development Period of the Small Yellow Croaker under Background Noise"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9461-1563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qinghua","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bao","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Hydrobiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.01809","article-title":"Are hearing sensitivities of freshwater fish adapted to the ambient noise in their habitats?","volume":"208","author":"Amoser","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. 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