{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T19:36:33Z","timestamp":1789673793255,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707350400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR) Missione 4, Componente 2, Investimento 1.4 \u201cCentro Nazionale per lo sviluppo di terapia genica e farmaci con tecnologia a RNA\u201d, Spoke 3\u2013\u201cNeurodegeneration\u201d","award":["ECS_00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS_00000017"]}]},{"name":"Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (PNRR) Missione 4, Componente 2, Investimento 1.4 \u201cCentro Nazionale per lo sviluppo di terapia genica e farmaci con tecnologia a RNA\u201d, Spoke 3\u2013\u201cNeurodegeneration\u201d","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"NextGeneration EU-MUR PNRR TUSCANY HEALTH Ecosystem\u2014THE","award":["ECS_00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS_00000017"]}]},{"name":"NextGeneration EU-MUR PNRR TUSCANY HEALTH Ecosystem\u2014THE","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU\u2014MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["ECS_00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS_00000017"]}]},{"name":"NextGenerationEU\u2014MUR PNRR Extended Partnership initiative on Emerging Infectious Diseases","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"Ricerca Salute 2018 \u201cTuscany Antiviral Research Network (TUSCAVIR.NET)\u201d","award":["ECS_00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS_00000017"]}]},{"name":"Ricerca Salute 2018 \u201cTuscany Antiviral Research Network (TUSCAVIR.NET)\u201d","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]},{"name":"COVID-19 Toscana 2020 \u201cSuppression of Airborne Viral Epidemic Spread by Ultraviolet light barriers (SAVES-US)\u201d","award":["ECS_00000017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ECS_00000017"]}]},{"name":"COVID-19 Toscana 2020 \u201cSuppression of Airborne Viral Epidemic Spread by Ultraviolet light barriers (SAVES-US)\u201d","award":["PE00000007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE00000007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological evidence emphasizes that excess fat mass is associated with an increased risk of severe COVID-19 disease. Nevertheless, the intricate interplay between SARS-CoV-2 and adipocytes remains poorly understood. It is crucial to decipher the progression of COVID-19 both in the acute phase and on long-term outcomes. In this study, an in vitro model using the human SGBS cell line (Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome) was developed to investigate the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 in adipocytes, and the effects of virus exposure on adipocyte function. Our results show that SGBS adipocytes expressing ACE2 are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, as evidenced by the release of the viral genome into the medium, detection of the nucleocapsid in cell lysates, and positive immunostaining for the spike protein. Infected adipocytes show remarkable changes compared to uninfected controls: increased surface area of lipid droplets, upregulated expression of genes of inflammation (Haptoglobin, MCP-1, IL-6, PAI-1), increased oxidative stress (MnSOD), and a concomitant reduction of transcripts related to adipocyte function (leptin, fatty acid synthase, perilipin). Moreover, exogenous expression of spike protein in SGBS adipocytes also led to an increase in lipid droplet size. In conclusion using the human SGBS cell line, we detected SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in adipocytes, revealing substantial morphological and functional changes in infected cells.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042086","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T09:00:02Z","timestamp":1707382802000},"page":"2086","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["SARS-CoV-2 Infection Alters the Phenotype and Gene Expression of Adipocytes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8828-0905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Neuroscience, 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56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Quintino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Perrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-3696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Di Primio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Neuroscience, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Neuroscience, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0908-6253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Pistello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Retrovirus Center, Virology Section, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Virology Unit, Pisa University-Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8222-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ranieri","family":"Bizzarri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Enterprise for nanoScience and nanoTechnology, Scuola Normale Superiore, National Research Council\u2014Institute of Nanoscience, Piazza San Silvestro 12, 56127 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 65, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8534-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margherita","family":"Maffei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council\u2014Institute of Clinical Physiology, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Obesity and Lipodystrophy, Pisa University-Hospital, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy"},{"name":"Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics, Via Filippo Buonarroti 3, 56127 Pisa, 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