{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T18:07:16Z","timestamp":1789495636021,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707436800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFD1800804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1800804"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAAS-ZDXT2018008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-ZDXT2018008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CAAS-LMY-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-LMY-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["21JR7RA030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JR7RA030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Agricultural Sciences and Technology Innovation Program","award":["2023YFD1800804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1800804"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Sciences and Technology Innovation Program","award":["CAAS-ZDXT2018008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-ZDXT2018008"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Sciences and Technology Innovation Program","award":["CAAS-LMY-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-LMY-02"]}]},{"name":"Agricultural Sciences and Technology Innovation Program","award":["21JR7RA030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JR7RA030"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Foundation for Youths","award":["2023YFD1800804"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1800804"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Foundation for Youths","award":["CAAS-ZDXT2018008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-ZDXT2018008"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Foundation for Youths","award":["CAAS-LMY-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CAAS-LMY-02"]}]},{"name":"Gansu Province Science and Technology Foundation for Youths","award":["21JR7RA030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21JR7RA030"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An increasing amount of evidence indicates that Baicalin (Bai, a natural glycosyloxyflavone compound) exhibits an antiviral effect against avian viruses. However, it remains unclear if the antiviral effect of Bai against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is exerted indirectly by modulating respiratory tract microbiota and\/or their metabolites. In this study, we investigated the protection efficacy of Bai in protecting cell cultures and broilers from IBV infection and assessed modulation of respiratory tract microbiota and metabolites during infection. Bai was administered orally to broilers by being mixed in with drinking water for seven days. Ultimately, broilers were challenged with live IBV. The results showed that Bai treatment reduced respiratory tract symptoms, improved weight gain, slowed histopathological damage, reduced virus loads and decreased pro-inflammation cytokines production. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Bai treatment significantly inhibited Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-\u03baB) expression both in cell culture and cells of the trachea. Bai treatment reversed respiratory tract microbiota dysbiosis, as shown by 16S rDNA sequencing in the group of broilers inoculated with IBV. Indeed, we observed a decrease in Proteobacteria abundance and an increase in Firmicutes abundance. Metabolomics results suggest that the pentose phosphate pathway, amino acid and nicotinamide metabolism are linked to the protection conferred by Bai against IBV infection. In conclusion, these results indicated that further assessment of anti-IBV strategies based on Bai would likely result in the development of antiviral molecule(s) which can be administered by being mixed with feed or water.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]],"date-time":"2024-02-09T08:12:03Z","timestamp":1707466323000},"page":"2109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Baicalin Protects Broilers against Avian Coronavirus Infection via Regulating Respiratory Tract Microbiota and Amino Acid Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Haipeng","family":"Feng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiting","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2633","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-021-05156-1","article-title":"Changes to virus taxonomy and to the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses","volume":"166","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. 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