{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:48:51Z","timestamp":1787028531363,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Overhydration (OH) is a prevalent medical problem that occurs in patients with kidney failure, but a specific marker has still not been found. Patients requiring kidney replacement therapy suffer from a water imbalance, which is correlated with mortality rates in this population. Currently, clinicians employ techniques such as bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) and ultrasound (USG) markers of overhydration or markers of heart and kidney function, namely NT-pro-BNP, GFR, or creatinine levels. New serum markers, including but not limited to Ca-125, galectin-3 (Gal-3), adrenomedullin (AMD), and urocortin-2 (UCN-2), are presently under research and have displayed promising results. Ca-125, which is a protein mainly used in ovarian cancer diagnoses, holds great potential to become an OH marker. It is currently being investigated by cardiologists as it corresponds to the volume status in heart failure (HF) and ventricular hypertrophy, which are also associated with OH. The need to ascertain a more precise marker of overhydration is urgent mainly because physical examinations are exceptionally inaccurate. The signs and symptoms of overhydration, such as edema or a gradual increase in body mass, are not always present, notably in patients with chronic kidney disease. Metabolic disruptions and cachexia can give a false picture of the hydration status. This review paper summarizes the existing knowledge on the assessment of a patient\u2019s hydration status, focusing specifically on kidney diseases and the role of Ca-125.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1707713265000},"page":"2192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["On Whether Ca-125 Is the Answer for Diagnosing Overhydration, Particularly in End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients\u2014A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Barbara Emilia","family":"Nikitiuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Internal Medicine with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8126-3085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicja","family":"Rydzewska-Roso\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Internal Medicine with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8046-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Kakareko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Internal Medicine with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irena","family":"G\u0142owi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Internal Medicine with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0145-3103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Hryszko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Internal Medicine with Dialysis Unit, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2013.859528","article-title":"CA 125 levels and left ventricular function in patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis","volume":"36","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1006\/scbi.1998.0114","article-title":"CA 125: Fundamental and clinical aspects","volume":"9","author":"Verheijen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3747\/pdi.2012.00320","article-title":"Cancer antigen 125 as a biomarker in peritoneal dialysis: Mesothelial cell health or death?","volume":"33","author":"Cheema","year":"2013","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1159\/000168888","article-title":"Serum ca-125 level in end-stage renal disease patients maintained on chronic peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis: The effect of continuous presence of peritoneal fluid, peritonitis, and peritoneal catheter implantation","volume":"15","author":"Bastani","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, M.A.P., Raymundo, T.S., Soares, L.C., Pereira, T.R.D., and Dem\u00f4ro, A.V.E. (2017). How to Use CA-125 more effectively in the diagnosis of deep endometriosis. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9857196"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2257.2004.00655.x","article-title":"CA 125 levels in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and other hematologic malignancies","volume":"27","author":"Dilek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Lab. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.2295","article-title":"Antigen carbohydrate 125 as a biomarker in heart failure: A narrative review","volume":"23","author":"Santas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"e34572","article-title":"Lifestyle Modifications and Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions in Delaying the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review","volume":"15","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12721","article-title":"Dry weight targeting: The art and science of conventional hemodialysis","volume":"31","author":"Ohashi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016121341","article-title":"Chronic Fluid Overload and Mortality in ESRD","volume":"28","author":"Zoccali","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2013.336","article-title":"Volume overload correlates with cardiovascular risk factors in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"85","author":"Hung","year":"2014","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03000605211031063","DOI":"10.1177\/03000605211031063","article-title":"Effect of bioimpedance-defined overhydration parameters on mortality and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing dialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000409","article-title":"Fluid status assessment in hemodialysis patients and the association with outcome: Review of recent literature","volume":"27","author":"Dekker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onofriescu, M., Siriopol, D., Voroneanu, L., Hogas, S., Nistor, I., Apetrii, M., Florea, L., Veisa, G., Mititiuc, I., and Kanbay, M. (2015). Overhydration, cardiac function and survival in hemodialysis patients. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0135691"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.13009","article-title":"Caudal vena cava collapsibility index as a tool to predict fluid responsiveness in dogs","volume":"30","author":"Donati","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668688","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.668688","article-title":"Fluid Overload","volume":"8","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2016.08.012","article-title":"Extracardiac Signs of Fluid Overload in the Critically Ill Cardiac Patient: A Focused Evaluation Using Bedside Ultrasound","volume":"33","author":"Bouchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.07.025","article-title":"Lung Ultrasound\u2013Guided Dry Weight Assessment and Echocardiographic Measures in Hypertensive Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"75","author":"Loutradis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03650807","article-title":"On the importance of pedal edema in hemodialysis patients","volume":"3","author":"Agarwal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"832","article-title":"Hydration status according to impedance vectors and its association with clinical and biochemical outcomes and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Rivera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1159\/000505529","article-title":"The Promising Role of Lung Ultrasound in Assessment of Volume Status for Patients Receiving Maintenance Renal Replacement Therapy","volume":"49","author":"Koratala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2013.875815","article-title":"Evaluation of volume overload by bioelectrical impedance analysis, NT-proBNP and inferior vena cava diameter in patients with stage 3&4 and 5 chronic kidney disease","volume":"36","author":"Yilmaz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drepper, V.J., Kihm, L.P., K\u00e4lble, F., Diekmann, C., Seckinger, J., Sommerer, C., Zeier, M., and Schwenger, V. (2016). Overhydration is a strong predictor of mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients\u2014Independently of cardiac failure. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158741"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12742","article-title":"The association of overhydration with chronic inflammation in chronic maintenance hemodiafiltration patients","volume":"23","author":"Zsom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfy018","article-title":"Any grade of relative overhydration is associated with long-term mortality in patients with Stages 4 and 5 non-dialysis chronic kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Vega","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-018-1677-9","article-title":"Peritoneal protein clearance predicts mortality in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"23","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfr678","article-title":"Original Articles Importance of normohydration for the long-term survival of haemodialysis patients","volume":"27","author":"Chazot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gracia-Iguacel, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Parra, E., Mahillo, I., and Ortiz, A. (2020). Low intracellular water, overhydration, and mortality in hemodialysis patients. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113616"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-016-1471-0","article-title":"Dry weight assessment by combined ultrasound and bioimpedance monitoring in low cardiovascular risk hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"49","author":"Siriopol","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000526902","article-title":"Diagnosis of Fluid Overload: From Conventional to Contemporary Concepts","volume":"12","author":"Koratala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cardiorenal Med."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"314","article-title":"Overhydration, A New Risk Factor for Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis","volume":"15","author":"Alves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfx287","article-title":"Assessing the hydration status of children with chronic kidney disease and on dialysis: A comparison of techniques","volume":"33","author":"Eng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000130414","article-title":"Consequences of overhydration and the need for dry weight assessment","volume":"161","author":"Raimann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12317","article-title":"Euvolemia in Hemodialysis Patients: A Potentially Dangerous Goal?","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2013.03.004","article-title":"Bioimpedance technology and optimal fluid management","volume":"61","author":"Daugirdas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000223785","article-title":"Dry body weight and ultrafiltration targets in peritoneal dialysis","volume":"163","author":"Krediet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426507022004389","article-title":"Bioimpedance spectroscopy for clinical assessment of fluid distribution and Body cell mass","volume":"22","author":"Earthman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/27\/9\/012","article-title":"Body fluid volume determination via body composition spectroscopy in health and disease","volume":"27","author":"Moissl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s13089-020-00163-w","article-title":"Quantifying systemic congestion with Point-Of-Care ultrasound: Development of the venous excess ultrasound grading system","volume":"12","author":"Rola","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n160","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","article-title":"PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S42700","article-title":"The ability of NT-proBNP to detect chronic heart failure and predict all-cause mortality is higher in elderly Chinese coronary artery disease patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1159\/000510649","article-title":"Overhydration Measured by Bioimpedance Spectroscopy and Urinary Serine Protease Activity Are Risk Factors for Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"45","author":"Schork","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1177\/03913988211016862","article-title":"Serum CA125 a potential marker of volume status for peritoneal dialysis patients?","volume":"44","author":"Wijayaratne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1159\/000516531","article-title":"Overhydration May Be the Missing Link between Peritoneal Protein Clearance and Mortality","volume":"145","author":"Guedes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjacc\/zuab022","article-title":"CA125 but not NT-proBNP predicts the presence of a congestive intrarenal venous flow in patients with acute heart failure","volume":"10","author":"Santas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J. Acute Cardiovasc. Care"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-015-0768-x","article-title":"Bioimpedance analysis versus lung ultrasonography for optimal risk prediction in hemodialysis patients","volume":"32","author":"Siriopol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.H., Moon, I., Oh, Y.S., Yu, B.C., Park, M.Y., Kim, J.K., and Choi, S.J. (2022). Prediction of Heart Function and Volume Status in End-Stage Kidney Disease Patients through N-Terminal Pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide. Medicina, 58.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina58080975"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1985","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2132169","article-title":"The role of lung ultrasonography in the assessment of overhydration in maintenance hemodialysis patients","volume":"44","author":"Cui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"819","article-title":"Overhydration as a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in patients undergoing hemodialysis","volume":"131","author":"Schwermer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02550974","article-title":"Serum tumour markers in renal failure","volume":"28","author":"Arik","year":"1996","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005121299","article-title":"N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide: An independent risk predictor of cardiovascular congestion, mortality, and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454986","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/1454986","article-title":"Natriuretic Peptides as Biomarkers for Congestive States: The Cardiorenal Divergence","volume":"2017","author":"Koratala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.suppl_2.3","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cardiovascular damage in the early renal population","volume":"16","author":"London","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.724187","article-title":"N-terminal prohormone brain natriuretic peptide as a predictor of cardiovascular disease and mortality in blacks with hypertensive kidney disease: The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK)","volume":"117","author":"Astor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1159\/000064100","article-title":"Increased circulating levels of natriuretic peptides predict future cardiac event in patients with chronic hemodialysis","volume":"92","author":"Goto","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"139","article-title":"Amino-terminal Pro B-Type Natriuretic Peptide for Diagnosis and Prognosis in Patients with Renal Dysfunction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"176","author":"Schaub","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.08.051","article-title":"Renal function, congestive heart failure, and amino-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide measurement: Results from the ProBNP investigation of dyspnea in the emergency department (PRIDE) study","volume":"47","author":"Anwaruddin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.084533","article-title":"Impact of renal disease on natriuretic peptide testing for diagnosing decompensated heart failure and predicting mortality","volume":"53","author":"DeFilippi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21460","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000021460","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of biomarkers for evaluation of volume status in dialysis patients","volume":"99","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5000009","article-title":"Natriuretic peptide and adrenomedullin levels in chronic renal failure and effects of peritoneal dialysis","volume":"69","author":"Obineche","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001918","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.115.001918","article-title":"Volume overload and adverse outcomes in chronic kidney disease: Clinical observational and animal studies","volume":"5","author":"Hung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009961","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009961","article-title":"Alterations in portal vein flow and intrarenal venous flow are associated with acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: A prospective observational cohort study","volume":"7","author":"Benkreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp487","article-title":"Guided optimization of fluid status in haemodialysis patients","volume":"25","author":"MacHek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.2955","article-title":"In search for a biochemical marker of overhydration in hemodialysis: The \u201cmagic bullet\u201d yet to be found","volume":"125","author":"Winiarska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/ejhf.1366","article-title":"Adrenomedullin in heart failure: Pathophysiology and therapeutic application","volume":"21","author":"Voors","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.1999.1904","article-title":"Plasma adrenomedullin, a new independent predictor of prognosis in patients with chronic heart failure","volume":"21","author":"Pousset","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79525-2","article-title":"Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin is a novel biomarker for arterial stiffness as the criterion for vascular failure in a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Koyama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czajkowska, K., Zbroch, E., Bielach-Bazyluk, A., Mitrosz, K., Bujno, E., Kakareko, K., Rydzewska-Rosolowska, A., and Hryszko, T. (2021). Mid-regional proadrenomedullin as a new biomarker of kidney and cardiovascular diseases\u2014Is it the future?. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10030524"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1186\/cc3885","article-title":"Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin as a prognostic marker in sepsis: An observational study","volume":"9","author":"Morgenthaler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-016-1540-x","article-title":"Mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin (MR-proADM), a marker of positive fluid balance in critically ill patients: Results of the ENVOL study","volume":"20","author":"Leblanc","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gouya, G., Sturm, G., Lamina, C., Zitt, E., Freist\u00e4tter, O., Struck, J., Wolzt, M., Knoll, F., Lins, F., and Lhotta, K. (2011). The association of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin and mid-regional pro-atrial natriuretic peptide with mortality in an incident dialysis cohort. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017803"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boutin, L., D\u00e9pret, F., Gayat, E., Legrand, M., and Chadjichristos, C.E. (2022). Galectin-3 in Kidney Diseases: From an Old Protein to a New Therapeutic Target. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063124"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173637","article-title":"Hypoxia contributes to galectin-3 expression in renal carcinoma cells","volume":"890","author":"Gu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-021-03538-0","article-title":"Galectin-3 in septic acute kidney injury: A translational study","volume":"25","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748225","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.748225","article-title":"Identification of Galectin-3 as Potential Biomarkers for Renal Fibrosis by RNA-Sequencing and Clinicopathologic Findings of Kidney Biopsy","volume":"8","author":"Ou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ou, S.M., Tsai, M.T., Chen, H.Y., Li, F.A., Lee, K.H., Tseng, W.C., Chang, F.P., Lin, Y.P., Yang, R.B., and Tarng, D.C. (2022). Urinary Galectin-3 as a Novel Biomarker for the Prediction of Renal Fibrosis and Kidney Disease Progression. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030585"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, P.Y., Huang, C.S., Lin, Y.L., Chen, Y.H., Hung, S.C., Tsai, J.P., and Hsu, B.G. (2023). Positive Association of Serum Galectin-3 with the Development of Aortic Stiffness of Patients on Peritoneal Dialysis. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103519"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-019-02156-8","article-title":"Correlation of serum galectin-3 level with renal volume and function in adult polycystic kidney disease","volume":"51","author":"Ozkurt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861651","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.861651","article-title":"Renal Function Impact in the Prognostic Value of Galectin-3 in Acute Heart Failure","volume":"9","author":"Nuche","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4103\/apc.apc_146_21","article-title":"Galectin-3 as an early marker of diastolic dysfunction in children with end-stage renal disease on regular hemodialysis","volume":"15","author":"Elsadek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm-2018-0488","article-title":"Galectin-3 is associated with arterial stiffness among hemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.173203","article-title":"Prolonged urocortin 2 administration in experimental heart failure: Sustained hemodynamic, endocrine, and renal effects","volume":"57","author":"Rademaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2021.100860","article-title":"Urocortin-2 in Acute Heart Failure: Role as a Marker of Volume Overload and Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"47","author":"Pintalhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283493776","article-title":"Urocortin 2 sustains haemodynamic and renal function during introduction of beta-blockade in experimental heart failure","volume":"29","author":"Rademaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1097\/CRD.0b013e31827ed0c9","article-title":"A New Potential Approach to Inotropic Therapy in the Treatment of Heart Failure: Urocortin","volume":"21","author":"Garg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2015.06.011","article-title":"Urocortin 2 protects heart and kidney structure and function in an ovine model of acute decompensated heart failure: Comparison with dobutamine","volume":"197","author":"Rademaker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy076","article-title":"Urocortin-2 improves right ventricular function and attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"114","author":"Pimentel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.861336","article-title":"Urocortin 2 inhibits furosemide-induced activation of renin and enhances renal function and diuretic responsiveness in experimental heart failure","volume":"2","author":"Rademaker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.06.008","article-title":"Urocortin does not reduce the renal injury and dysfunction caused by experimental ischaemia\/reperfusion","volume":"496","author":"Patel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchf.2013.07.003","article-title":"Urocortin-2 infusion in acute decompensated heart failure: Findings from the UNICORN study (urocortin-2 in the treatment of acute heart failure as an adjunct over conventional therapy)","volume":"1","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"JACC Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761848","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.761848","article-title":"Impact of Overhydration on Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"179","article-title":"The truth on current peritoneal dialysis: State of the art","volume":"75","author":"Krediet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S214","DOI":"10.21037\/tau.2018.10.02","article-title":"Biochemical evaluation of kidney disease","volume":"8","author":"Treacy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.krcp.2015.10.006","article-title":"Overhydration measured by bioimpedance analysis and the survival of patients on maintenance hemodialysis: A single-center study","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1177\/039139880202500905","article-title":"Hemodialysis (HD) versus peritoneal dialysis (PD): Latent overhydration in PD patients?","volume":"25","author":"Oe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.18.0035","article-title":"Changes in bioimpedance analysis components before and after hemodialysis","volume":"37","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Kidney Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-017-1698-4","article-title":"Value of bioimpedance analysis estimated \u201cdry weight\u201d in maintenance dialysis patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"Covic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860820945813","article-title":"Tracking hydration status changes by bioimpedance spectroscopy in children on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"41","author":"Karava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hta22010","DOI":"10.3310\/hta22010","article-title":"Multiple-frequency bioimpedance devices for fluid management in people with chronic kidney disease receiving dialysis: A systematic review and economic evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Scotland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Health Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1159\/000504079","article-title":"Using Bioimpedance Spectroscopy to Assess Volume Status in Dialysis Patients","volume":"49","author":"Stuard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfz175","article-title":"The impact of volume overload on technique failure in incident peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"14","author":"Vrtovsnik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0002482021","article-title":"POCUS for Nephrologists: Basic Principles and a General Approach","volume":"2","author":"Koratala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2022.100482","article-title":"Venous Excess Doppler Ultrasound for the Nephrologist: Pearls and Pitfalls","volume":"4","author":"Koratala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.12649","article-title":"Overhydration, underhydration, and total body sodium: A tricky \u201cm\u00e9nage a trois\u201d in dialysis patients","volume":"31","author":"Voroneanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11111012","article-title":"Asymptomatic pulmonary congestion and physical functioning in hemodialysis patients","volume":"8","author":"Enia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.02.018","article-title":"The effect of dry-weight reduction guided by lung ultrasound on ambulatory blood pressure in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"95","author":"Loutradis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/AC.69.6.1000001","article-title":"Temporal expression of galectin-3 following myocardial infarction","volume":"69","author":"Milner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519109091613","article-title":"Tumour marker CA 125 in patients with digestive tract malignancies","volume":"51","author":"Haglund","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000430902","article-title":"Evaluation of Salt Intake, Urinary Sodium Excretion and Their Relationship to Overhydration in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients","volume":"40","author":"Hallvass","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Purif."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/4\/2192\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:58:50Z","timestamp":1760104730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/4\/2192"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25042192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25042192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]}}}