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This review summarises the state of the art regarding the risk of neoplastic progression in PBC patients, with a particular focus on the molecular alterations present in PBC and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the most frequent liver cancer in these patients. Major risk factors are male gender, viral infections, e.g., HBV and HCV, non-response to UDCA, and high alcohol intake, as well as some metabolic-associated factors. Overall, HCC development is significantly more frequent in patients with advanced histological stages, being related to liver cirrhosis. It seems to be of fundamental importance to unravel eventual dysfunctional molecular pathways in PBC patients that may be used as biomarkers for HCC development. In the near future, this will possibly take advantage of artificial intelligence-designed algorithms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042194","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T04:47:45Z","timestamp":1707713265000},"page":"2194","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Current Perspectives on the Molecular and Clinical Relationships between Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Annarosa","family":"Floreani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova, 35122 Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Scientific Consultant IRCCS Negrar, 37024 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2247-8227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela","family":"Gabbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6398-8237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"De Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2020.0028","article-title":"Current Understanding of Primary Biliary Cholangitis","volume":"27","author":"Tanaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. 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