{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T14:22:59Z","timestamp":1788445379829,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":264,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pandemic period due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) revolutionized all possible areas of global health. Significant consequences were also related to diverse extrapulmonary manifestations of this pathology. The liver was found to be a relatively common organ, beyond the respiratory tract, affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Multiple studies revealed the essential role of chronic liver disease (CLD) in the general outcome of coronavirus infection. Present concerns in this field are related to the direct hepatic consequences caused by COVID-19 and pre-existing liver disorders as risk factors for the severe course of the infection. Which mechanism has a key role in this phenomenon\u2014previously existing hepatic disorder or acute liver failure due to SARS-CoV-2\u2014is still not fully clarified. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) constitutes another not fully elucidated context of coronavirus infection. Should the toxic effects of ethanol or already developed liver cirrhosis and its consequences be perceived as a causative or triggering factor of hepatic impairment in COVID-19 patients? In the face of these discrepancies, we decided to summarize the role of the liver in the whole picture of coronavirus infection, paying special attention to ALD and focusing on the pathological pathways related to COVID-19, ethanol toxicity and liver cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042212","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T11:30:12Z","timestamp":1707737412000},"page":"2212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["COVID-19, Possible Hepatic Pathways and Alcohol Abuse\u2014What Do We Know up to 2023?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4426-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Michalak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopy Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Lach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0543-3054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Szczygie\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Dietetics Unit, Department of Bioanalytics, Medical University of Lublin, Chod\u017aki 7, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Halina","family":"Cicho\u017c-Lach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology with Endoscopy Unit, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e995","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.995","article-title":"COVID-19 effect on patients with noncommunicable diseases: A narrative review","volume":"6","author":"Elaarag","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Sci. 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