{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T12:34:30Z","timestamp":1781094870256,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]],"date-time":"2024-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["IP-2019-04-8822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IP-2019-04-8822"]}]},{"name":"Croatian Science Foundation","award":["IPS-2023-02-9650"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IPS-2023-02-9650"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the polarisation of CD68+ macrophages and perforin and granulysin distributions in kidney lymphocyte subsets of children with IgA vasculitis nephritis (IgAVN). Pro-inflammatory macrophage (M)1 (CD68\/iNOS) or regulatory M2 (CD68\/arginase-1) polarisation; spatial arrangement of macrophages and lymphocytes; and perforin and granulysin distribution in CD3+ and CD56+ cells were visulaised using double-labelled immunofluorescence. In contrast to the tubules, iNOS+ cells were more abundant than the arginase-1+ cells in the glomeruli. CD68+ macrophage numbers fluctuated in the glomeruli and were mostly labelled with iNOS. CD68+\/arginase-1+ cells are abundant in the tubules. CD56+ cells, enclosed by CD68+ cells, were more abundant in the glomeruli than in the tubuli, and co-expressed NKp44. The glomerular and interstitial\/intratubular CD56+ cells express perforin and granulysin, respectively. The CD3+ cells did not express perforin, while a minority expressed granulysin. Innate immunity, represented by M1 macrophages and CD56+ cells rich in perforin and granulysin, plays a pivotal role in the acute phase of IgAVN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,14]],"date-time":"2024-02-14T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1707884302000},"page":"2253","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Involvement of M1-Activated Macrophages and Perforin\/Granulysin Expressing Lymphocytes in IgA Vasculitis Nephritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gordana","family":"Laskarin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"},{"name":"Hospital for Medical Rehabilitation of Hearth and Lung Diseases and Rheumatism \u201cThalassotherapia-Opatija\u201d, 51410 Opatija, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emina","family":"Babarovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastasia","family":"Kifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stela","family":"Bulimbasic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1092-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Sestan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4925-8948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Held","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1520-3375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijan","family":"Frkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alenka","family":"Gagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital Zagreb, Faculty of Medicine, University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7887-4101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijana","family":"Coric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1728-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marija","family":"Jelusic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853724","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.853724","article-title":"New Insights and Challenges Associated With IgA Vasculitis and IgA Vasculitis With Nephritis\u2014Is It Time to Change the Paradigm of the Most Common Systemic Vasculitis in Childhood?","volume":"10","author":"Jelusic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. 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