{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T03:34:06Z","timestamp":1793936046692,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]],"date-time":"2024-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708214400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["23K08557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K08557"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["23K085353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23K085353"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to devastating sequelae, demanding effective treatments. Recent advancements have unveiled the role of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) produced by infiltrated neutrophils in exacerbating secondary inflammation after SCI, making it a potential target for treatment intervention. Previous research has established that intravenous administration of stem cell-derived exosomes can mitigate injuries. While stem cell-derived exosomes have demonstrated the ability to modulate microglial reactions and enhance blood\u2013brain barrier integrity, their impact on neutrophil deactivation, especially in the context of NETs, remains poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the effects of intravenous administration of MSC-derived exosomes, with a specific focus on NET formation, and to elucidate the associated molecular mechanisms. Exosomes were isolated from the cell supernatants of amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells using the ultracentrifugation method. Spinal cord injuries were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats (9 weeks old) using a clip injury model, and 100 \u03bcg of exosomes in 1 mL of PBS or PBS alone were intravenously administered 24 h post-injury. Motor function was assessed serially for up to 28 days following the injury. On Day 3 and Day 28, spinal cord specimens were analyzed to evaluate the extent of injury and the formation of NETs. Flow cytometry was employed to examine the formation of circulating neutrophil NETs. Exogenous miRNA was electroporated into neutrophil to evaluate the effect of inflammatory NET formation. Finally, the biodistribution of exosomes was assessed using 64Cu-labeled exosomes in animal positron emission tomography (PET). Rats treated with exosomes exhibited a substantial improvement in motor function recovery and a reduction in injury size. Notably, there was a significant decrease in neutrophil infiltration and NET formation within the spinal cord, as well as a reduction in neutrophils forming NETs in the circulation. In vitro investigations indicated that exosomes accumulated in the vicinity of the nuclei of activated neutrophils, and neutrophils electroporated with the miR-125a-3p mimic exhibited a significantly diminished NET formation, while miR-125a-3p inhibitor reversed the effect. PET studies revealed that, although the majority of the transplanted exosomes were sequestered in the liver and spleen, a notably high quantity of exosomes was detected in the damaged spinal cord when compared to normal rats. MSC-derived exosomes play a pivotal role in alleviating spinal cord injury, in part through the deactivation of NET formation via miR-125a-3p.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042406","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,19]],"date-time":"2024-02-19T05:39:56Z","timestamp":1708321196000},"page":"2406","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Intravenous Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosome Alleviates Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation through Exosomal miR-125a-3p"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Morishima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3574-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahito","family":"Kawabori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9287-5020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazuyoshi","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5972-5047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soichiro","family":"Takamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sho","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regenerative Medicine and Cell Therapy Laboratories, Kaneka Corporation, Kobe 650-0047, Hyogo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yo","family":"Nakahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajime","family":"Senjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daigo","family":"Hashimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakiko","family":"Masuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoichiro","family":"Fujioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusuke","family":"Ohba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Kuge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central Institute of Isotope Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0815, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0991-0516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miki","family":"Fujimura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8638, Hokkaido, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bickenbach, J., Officer, A., Shakespeare, T., and von Groote, P. 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