{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:29:19Z","timestamp":1790630959413,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/04\/X\/NZ8\/00786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/NZ8\/00786"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"Polish National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["050012-D011\/D017\/D019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["050012-D011\/D017\/D019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland","award":["2020\/04\/X\/NZ8\/00786"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/04\/X\/NZ8\/00786"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland","award":["050012-D011\/D017\/D019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["050012-D011\/D017\/D019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate how introducing halophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) Halothiobacillus halophilus to the growth substrate affects the physiological and biochemical responses of the halophyte Tripolium pannonicum (also known as sea aster or seashore aster) under salt and cadmium stress conditions. This study assessed the plant\u2019s response to these stressors and bacterial inoculation by analyzing various factors including the accumulation of elements such as sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), cadmium (Cd) and sulfur (S); growth parameters; levels of photosynthetic pigments, proline and phenolic compounds; the formation of malondialdehyde (MDA); and the plant\u2019s potential to scavenge 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results revealed that bacterial inoculation was effective in mitigating the deleterious effect of cadmium stress on some growth criteria. For instance, stem length was 2-hold higher, the growth tolerance index was 3-fold higher and there was a 20% increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments compared to non-inoculated plants. Furthermore, the SOB contributed to enhancing cadmium tolerance in Tripolium pannonicum by increasing the availability of sulfur in the plant\u2019s leaves, which led to the maintenance of an appropriate, about 2-fold-higher level of phenolic compounds (phenylpropanoids and flavonols), as well as chloride ions. The level of MDA decreased after bacterial application in all experimental variants except when both salt and cadmium stress were present. These findings provide novel insights into how halophytes respond to abiotic stress following inoculation of the growth medium with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. The data suggest that inoculating the substrate with SOB has a beneficial effect on T. pannonicum\u2019s tolerance to cadmium stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T04:04:14Z","timestamp":1708401854000},"page":"2455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria Alleviate Salt and Cadmium Stress in Halophyte Tripolium pannonicum (Jacq.) Dobrocz."],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3224-6377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Ko\u017ami\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1838-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Kami\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0566-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Hanus-Fajerska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany, Physiology and Plant Protection, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.07.046","article-title":"Salinity increases mobility of heavy metals in soils","volume":"85","author":"Acosta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2017.00064","article-title":"Agoecological Responses of heavy metal pollution with special emphasis on soil health and plant performances","volume":"5","author":"Sristava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-019-02215-8","article-title":"Heavy metal stress responses in plants","volume":"16","author":"Ghori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. 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