{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T16:20:35Z","timestamp":1788106835900,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tokyo Metropolitan Government Advanced Research","award":["H29-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["H29-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Debye temperatures of \u03b1-SnxFe1\u2212xOOH nanoparticles (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20, abbreviated as Sn100x NPs) prepared by hydrothermal reaction were estimated with 57Fe- and 119Sn-M\u00f6ssbauer spectra measured by varying the temperature from 20 to 300 K. Electrical properties were studied by solid-state impedance spectroscopy (SS-IS). Together, the charge\u2013discharge capacity of Li- and Na-ion batteries containing Sn100x NPs as a cathode were evaluated. 57Fe-M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of Sn10, Sn15, and Sn20 measured at 300 K showed only one doublet due to the superparamagnetic doublet, while the doublet decomposed into a sextet due to goethite at the temperature below 50 K for Sn 10, 200 K for Sn15, and 100 K for Sn20. These results suggest that Sn10, Sn15 and Sn20 had smaller particles than Sn0. On the other hand, 20 K 119Sn-M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of Sn15 were composed of a paramagnetic doublet with an isomer shift (\u03b4) of 0.24 mm s\u22121 and quadrupole splitting (\u2206) of 3.52 mm s\u22121. These values were larger than those of Sn10 (\u03b4: 0.08 mm s\u22121, \u2206: 0.00 mm s\u22121) and Sn20 (\u03b4: 0.10 mm s\u22121, \u2206: 0.00 mm s\u22121), suggesting that the SnIV-O chemical bond is shorter and the distortion of octahedral SnO6 is larger in Sn15 than in Sn10 and Sn20 due to the increase in the covalency and polarization of the SnIV-O chemical bond. Debye temperatures determined from 57Fe-M\u00f6ssbauer spectra measured at the low temperature were 210 K, 228 K, and 250 K for Sn10, Sn15, and Sn20, while that of \u03b1-Fe2O3 was 324 K. Similarly, the Debye temperature of 199, 251, and 269 K for Sn10, Sn15, and Sn20 were estimated from the temperature-dependent 119Sn-M\u00f6ssbauer spectra, which were significantly smaller than that of BaSnO3 (=658 K) and SnO2 (=382 K). These results suggest that Fe and Sn are a weakly bound lattice in goethite NPs with low crystallinity. Modification of NPs and addition of Sn has a positive effect, resulting in an increase in DC conductivity of almost 5 orders of magnitude, from a \u03c3DC value of 9.37 \u00d7 10\u22127 (\u03a9 cm)\u22121 for pure goethite Sn (Sn0) up to DC plateau for samples containing 0.15 and 0.20 Sn (Sn15 and Sn20) with a DC value of ~4 \u00d7 10\u22127 (\u03a9 cm)\u22121 @423 K. This non-linear conductivity pattern and levelling at a higher Sn content suggests that structural modifications have a notable impact on electron transport, which is primarily governed by the thermally activated via three-dimensional hopping of small polarons (SPH). Measurements of SIB performance, including the Sn100x cathode under a current density of 50 mA g\u22121, showed initial capacities of 81 and 85 mAh g\u22121 for Sn0 and Sn15, which were larger than the others. The large initial capacities were measured at a current density of 5 mA g\u22121 found at 170 and 182 mAh g\u22121 for Sn15 and Sn20, respectively. It is concluded that tin-goethite NPs are an excellent material for a secondary battery cathode and that Sn15 is the best cathode among the studied Sn100x NPs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052488","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T11:50:07Z","timestamp":1708429807000},"page":"2488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Debye Temperature Evaluation for Secondary Battery Cathode of \u03b1-SnxFe1\u2212xOOH Nanoparticles Derived from the 57Fe- and 119Sn-M\u00f6ssbauer Spectra"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5300-0376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaoru","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanae","family":"Hashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bofan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Homonnay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, E\u00f6tvos Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0183-6649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ern\u0151","family":"Kuzmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Chemistry, E\u00f6tvos Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7343-1299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arijeta","family":"Bafti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2232-6602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luka","family":"Pavi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Materials Chemistry, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stjepko","family":"Krehula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Materials Chemistry, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4747-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marijan","family":"Marciu\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Materials Chemistry, Ru\u0111er Bo\u0161kovi\u0107 Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8255-7811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiro","family":"Kubuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10115","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c00728","article-title":"\u03f5-FeOOH: A Novel Negative Electrode Material for Li- and Na-Ion Batteries","volume":"5","author":"Mukai","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14323","DOI":"10.1039\/D3NJ00979C","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis of \u03b1-FeOOH (1D) nanorods and their transition to \u03b1-Fe2O3 (0D): An efficient photocatalyst in neutralizing hazardous organic dyes","volume":"47","author":"Sudapalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122580","article-title":"Photocatalytic decontamination of tetracycline and Cr(VI) by a novel \u03b1-FeOOH\/FeS2 photocatalyst: One-pot hydrothermal synthesis and Z-scheme reaction mechanism insight","volume":"397","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2019.06.035","article-title":"Optimization of photocatalytic degradation of Cefradine using a \u201cgreen\u201d goethite\/H2O2 system","volume":"78","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.8b02113","article-title":"Simultaneous Formation of FeOx Electrocatalyst Coating within Hematite Photoanodes for Solar Water Splitting","volume":"2","author":"Walsh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1002\/cssc.201700522","article-title":"Enhanced Solar Water Splitting by Swift Charge Separation in Au\/FeOOH Sandwiched Single-Crystalline Fe2O3 Nanoflake Photoelectrodes","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemSusChem"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149160","article-title":"Biochar from the co-pyrolysis of Saccharina japonica and goethite as an adsorbent for basic blue 41 removal from aqueous solution","volume":"797","author":"Sewu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130764","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.130764","article-title":"A rapid antimicrobial photodynamic water treatment strategy utilizing a xanthene dye with subsequent removal by Goethite Nanoparticles","volume":"280","author":"Doyle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inoche.2022.109346","article-title":"Facile synthesis of rod-like \u03b1-FeOOH nanoparticles adsorbent and its mechanism of sorption of Pb(II) and indigo carmine in batch operation","volume":"140","author":"Godwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.powtec.2023.118677","article-title":"An in situ study to shed light on the formation of goethite spindles by pseudomorphic transformation of intermediate phases","volume":"427","author":"Michaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Powder Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1007\/s10800-019-01315-0","article-title":"Novel \u03b1-FeOOH corner-truncated tetragonal prisms: Crystal structure, growth mechanism and lithium storage properties","volume":"49","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.03.058","article-title":"All-iron sodium-ion full-cells assembled via stable porous goethite nanorods with low strain and fast kinetics","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elecom.2009.06.032","article-title":"Goethite nanorods as anode electrode materials for rechargeable Li-ion batteries","volume":"11","author":"Lou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400057","DOI":"10.1002\/aelm.201400057","article-title":"Mn-Doped \u03b1-FeOOH Nanorods and \u03b1-Fe2O3 Mesoporous Nanorods: Facile Synthesis and Applications as High Performance Anodes for LIBs","volume":"1","author":"Zhai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpowsour.2016.07.051","article-title":"Ce-doped \u03b1-FeOOH nanorods as high-performance anode material for energy storage","volume":"327","author":"Zhai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Power Sources"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.126247","article-title":"Highly covalent FeIII-O bonding in photo-Fenton active Sn-doped goethite nanoparticles","volume":"287","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A., Shiraishi, M., Homonnay, Z., Krehula, S., Marciu\u0161, M., Bafti, A., Pavi\u0107, L., and Kubuki, S. (2023). Photocatalytic and Cathode Active Abilities of Ni-Substituted \u03b1-FeOOH Nanoparticles. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202308.1430.v1"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5408(02)00742-0","article-title":"Photoacoustic, EPR and electrical conductivity investigations of three synthetic mineral pigments: Hematite, goethite and magnetite","volume":"37","author":"Guskos","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Bull."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gca.2020.04.036","article-title":"Electron transfer calculations between edge sharing octahedra in hematite, goethite, and annite","volume":"291","author":"Bylaska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4120","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpclett.8b01525","article-title":"Photoexcited small polaron formation in goethite (\u03b1-FeOOH) nanorods probed by transient extreme ultraviolet spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Porter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234701","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4882065","article-title":"Electron transport in pure and substituted iron oxyhydroxides by small-polaron migration","volume":"140","author":"Alexandrov","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.05.239","article-title":"Structural, morphological, and electrical investigation of 50 Mrad \u03b3-radiated Ni1\u2212xCdxFe2O4 nanoparticles","volume":"67","author":"Patil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26184","DOI":"10.1038\/srep26184","article-title":"M\u00f6ssbauer Spectroscopy of Iron Carbides: From Prediction to Experimental Confirmation","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shinoda, K., and Kobayashi, Y. (2023). An Intensity Tensor and Electric Field Gradient Tensor for Fe3+ at M1 Sites of Aegirine\u2013Augite Using Single-Crystal M\u00f6ssbauer Spectroscopy. Minerals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/min13111452"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105704","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-648X\/aaab7d","article-title":"Determination of Debye temperatures and Lamb-Mossbauer factors of LnFeO3 ortho ferrite perovskites","volume":"30","author":"Scrimshire","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Phys. Cond. Matt."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsf.2021.101316","article-title":"Advances of ferrous and ferric M\u00f6ssbauer recoilless fractions in minerals and glasses","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geoscence. Front."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1134\/S1990793122040157","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Nitrate and Iodide of the Spin-Variable Iron(III) Cation with the N4O2 Coordination Sphere by M\u00f6ssbauer Spectroscopy","volume":"16","author":"Spitsyna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Russ. J. Phys. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02037523","article-title":"57Fe-M\u00f6ssbauer effect and 119Sn-M\u00f6ssbauer effect of Oxide Glasses","volume":"182","author":"Nishida","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19745","article-title":"Delving into the properties of nanostructured Mg ferrite and PEG composites: A comparative study on structure, electrical conductivity, and dielectric relaxation","volume":"9","author":"Zakaly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2023.116787","article-title":"Investigation of pressure dependence of anisotropy and elastic modulus of SbSI compound in ferroelectric phase by Ab initio method","volume":"297","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12871","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR02278J","article-title":"Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: Comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties","volume":"10","author":"Mourdikoudis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"908","article-title":"Nanoparticles: Properties, applications and toxicities","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arab. J. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7724","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.1c00722","article-title":"Accurate 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer Parameters from General Gaussian Basis Sets","volume":"17","author":"Salvador","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"15","article-title":"Fifty Years of M\u00f6ssbauer Spectroscopy in Solid State Research\u2014Remarkable Achievements, Future Perspectives","volume":"638","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acat.2015.09.001","article-title":"Chapter One-Recent Advances in the Application of M\u00f6ssbauer Spectroscopy in Heterogeneous Catalysis","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Catal."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7081","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3719\/19\/35\/018","article-title":"A Mossbauer study of magnetic phase transitions in alpha-Fe2O3 crystals","volume":"19","author":"Pankhurst","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Phys. C Solid State Phys."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29068","DOI":"10.1021\/jp504020a","article-title":"Interconversion of \u03b1-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 Thin Films: Mechanisms, Morphology, and Evidence for Unexpected Substrate Participation","volume":"118","author":"Genuzio","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8610","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jctc.3c00860","article-title":"First-Principles Calculations of Magnetite (Fe3O4) above the Verwey Temperature by Using Self-Consistent DFT + U + V","volume":"19","author":"Naveas","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem. Theory Comput."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpcs.2023.111391","article-title":"Impact of adding Fe ions on the local structure and electrochemical performance of P2O5\u2013V2O5 glass and glass ceramics used as a cathode in LIBs","volume":"179","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Solids"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Bakenov, Z., Tan, T., and Huang, J. (2018). Synthesis of Core-Shell Carbon Encapsulated Fe2O3 Composite through a Facile Hydrothermal Approach and Their Application as Anode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Metals, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/met8060461"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2020.148823","article-title":"Synthesis of 2D and 3D hierarchical \u03b2-FeOOH nanoparticles consisted of ultrathin nanowires for efficient hexavalent chromium removal","volume":"543","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2019.116441","article-title":"Capillary-condensation hysteresis in naturally occurring nanoporous media","volume":"263","author":"Barsotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-020-0717-5","article-title":"P-block single-metal-site tin\/nitrogen-doped carbon fuel cell cathode catalyst for oxygen reduction reaction","volume":"19","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1088\/0305-4608\/14\/2\/012","article-title":"Search for 2 States in FCC Iron Alloys by Investigation of the 57-Fe Isomer Shift in the Paramagnetic State","volume":"14","author":"Willgeorth","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Phys. F Met. Phys."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02354640","article-title":"Temperature Dependence of the Isomer Shift","volume":"24\u201326","author":"Shrivastava","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hyperfine Interact."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steudel, F., Johnson, J.A., Johnson, C.E., and Schweizer, S. (2018). Characterization of Luminescent Materials with 151Eu M\u00f6ssbauer Spectroscopy. Materials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11050828"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0038-1098(03)00375-2","article-title":"119Sn M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopic study of nanometric tin dioxide powders prepared by pyrolysis of organotin oxides","volume":"127","author":"Pereira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Solid State Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mseb.2023.116777","article-title":"The size-shape dependent Debye temperature, melting entropy and melting enthalpy theoretical models for metallic nanomaterial","volume":"297","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. B"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2018.02.012","article-title":"Electrical transport in iron phosphate glass-ceramics","volume":"502","author":"Skoko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1551-2916.2012.05149.x","article-title":"Polaronic mobility in boron doped iron phosphate glasses: Influence of structural disorder on summerfield scaling","volume":"95","author":"Ertap","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Ceram. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2713","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.0c10067","article-title":"Pressure-induced mixed protonic-electronic to pure electronic conduction transition in goethite","volume":"125","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2007.01.006","article-title":"Photoelectrochemistry of tin-doped iron oxide electrodes","volume":"81","author":"Aroutiounian","year":"2007","journal-title":"Solar Energy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2020.155394","article-title":"Ball-in-ball structured SnO2@FeOOH@C nanospheres toward advanced anode material for sodium ion batteries","volume":"838","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibrahim, A., Watanabe, S., Razum, M., Pavi\u0107, L., Homonnay, Z., Kuzmann, E., Hassaan, M.Y., and Kubuki, S. (2023). Structural, Electrical, and Electrochemical Properties of a Na2O-V2O5 Ceramic Nanocomposite as an Active Cathode Material for a Na-Ion Battery. Crystals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cryst13101521"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9138","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NJ00711H","article-title":"Facile synthesis of ZnNC derived from a ZIF-8 metal-organic framework by the microwave-assisted solvothermal technique as an anode material for lithium-ion batteries","volume":"46","author":"Moustafa","year":"2022","journal-title":"New J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10854-016-4788-7","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and electrochemical performances of \u03b3-Fe2O3 cathode material for Li-ion batteries","volume":"27","author":"Abbasi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2022.167366","article-title":"Enhancement of electrical conductivity and thermal stability of Iron- or Tin- substituted vanadate glass and glass-ceramics nanocomposite to be applied as a high-performance cathode active material in sodium-ion batteries","volume":"930","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Alloys Compd."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1007\/s11664-015-4116-7","article-title":"Optimizing Synthesis of Maghemite Nanoparticles as an Anode for Li-Ion Batteries by Exploiting Design of Experiment","volume":"45","author":"Golmohammad","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2021.08.065","article-title":"Enhancement of the electrochemical performance of LiCoPO4 by Fe doping","volume":"47","author":"Aboraia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/5\/2488\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:01:52Z","timestamp":1760104912000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/5\/2488"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25052488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25052488","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]}}}