{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T06:02:25Z","timestamp":1778220145884,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708387200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A healthy vaginal microbiota hosts Lactobacillus as the most predominant genus. Lactobacilli play a role in human health through the production of diverse antimicrobial substances that can act against human pathogens or modulate the immune system. Previous reports highlighted the ability of vaginal lactobacilli to counteract viruses causing STIs, e.g., HIV-1 and HSV-2. In this report, we analyze the activity of supernatants of vaginal lactobacilli against HSV-1 infection, which is becoming increasingly relevant as a STI. We show that the supernatants of two vaginal Lactobacillus species (i.e., L. crispatus and L. gasseri) were active at neutralizing HSV-1 infection in two different cell lines of human and simian origin. Specifically, we demonstrate that L. crispatus strains are the most effective in antiviral activity, as evidenced by the comparison with a vaginal pathogen taken as reference. The effect was specific and not attributable to the generic toxicity of the supernatants to the cells. Our results pave the way for the development of probiotics to limit the impact of HSV-1 infection on women\u2019s health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T11:50:07Z","timestamp":1708429807000},"page":"2492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Vaginal Lactobacilli Supernatants Protect from Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Cell Culture Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Avitabile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3277-5399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Menotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8870-8836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Giordani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Croatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1536-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carola","family":"Parolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6196-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Vitali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708472","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.708472","article-title":"The Role of Microbiota in Infant Health: From Early Life to Adulthood","volume":"12","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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