{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T13:44:56Z","timestamp":1782481496421,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFD1800205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1800205"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFD1802400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFD1802400"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Iron is an indispensable nutrient for the survival of Toxoplasma gondii; however, excessive amounts can lead to toxicity. The parasite must overcome the host\u2019s \u201cnutritional immunity\u201d barrier and compete with the host for iron. Since T. gondii can infect most nucleated cells, it encounters increased iron stress during parasitism. This study assessed the impact of iron stress, encompassing both iron depletion and iron accumulation, on the growth of T. gondii. Iron accumulation disrupted the redox balance of T. gondii while enhancing the parasite\u2019s ability to adhere in high-iron environments. Conversely, iron depletion promoted the differentiation of tachyzoites into bradyzoites. Proteomic analysis further revealed proteins affected by iron depletion and identified the involvement of phosphotyrosyl phosphatase activator proteins in bradyzoite formation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T04:23:10Z","timestamp":1708489390000},"page":"2493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Iron Stress Affects the Growth and Differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zhu","family":"Ying","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqun","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7309-0340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology 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