{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T22:40:22Z","timestamp":1791499222833,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Palermo","award":["FFR 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FFR 2022"]}]},{"name":"University of Palermo","award":["R4D15-P8MSRI07_MARGINE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R4D15-P8MSRI07_MARGINE"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, characterized by the accumulation of \u03b2-amyloid plaques, tau tangles, neuroinflammation, and synaptic\/neuronal loss, the latter being the strongest correlating factor with memory and cognitive impairment. Through an in vitro study on a neurons\u2013astrocytes\u2013microglia (NAM) co-culture system, we analyzed the effects of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from AD and non-AD patients (other neurodegenerative pathologies). Treatment with CSF from AD patients showed a loss of neurofilaments and spheroids, suggesting the presence of elements including CX3CL1 (soluble form), destabilizing the neurofilaments, cellular adhesion processes, and intercellular contacts. The NAM co-cultures were analyzed in immunofluorescence assays for several markers related to AD, such as through zymography, where the expression of proteolytic enzymes was quantified both in cell extracts and the co-cultures\u2019 conditioned medium (CM). Through qRT-PCR assays, several genes involved in the formation of \u03b2-amyloid plaque, in phosphorylation of tau, and in inflammation pathways and MMP expression were investigated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25052510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]],"date-time":"2024-02-21T06:50:22Z","timestamp":1708498222000},"page":"2510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of Cerebrospinal Fluids from Alzheimer and Non-Alzheimer Patients on Neurons\u2013Astrocytes\u2013Microglia Co-Culture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Matilda","family":"Iemmolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1723-3305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Bivona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3410-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Piccoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital \u201cP. Giaccone\u201d, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1013-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aldo","family":"Nicosia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation\u2014National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8638-6455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Schiera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo Maria","family":"Di Liegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Di Pietra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7250-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Ghersi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, 90123 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-161123","article-title":"Dynamics of the Complement, Cytokine, and Chemokine Systems in the Regulation of Synaptic Function and Dysfunction Relevant to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"57","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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